D 629 
.U6 P5 
1917a 
Copy 1 



The Work 

of the 

American Red Cross 




American Red Cross 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 



The Work 

of the 

American Red Cross 



Report by the War Council of appropriations 

and activities from outbreak of 

War to November 1, 1917 






American Red Cross 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 



SsS^^^vS^i^^^ 



CONTENTS 



Page 

THE WORK IN AMERICA 7-73 

The War Council 8 

The War Fund 10 

A Campaign for $100,000,000 11 

More Money Will Be Needed 12 

Collection of the War Fund 13 

Expenditures Carefully Made ...14 

Gifts Other Than Money 15 

The National Organization 16 

Foreign Relief 16 

Medical Advisory Committee 17 

The General Manager 17 

Military Relief .^, 18 

Bureau of Naval Affairs 19 

Civilian Relief 19 

Office of Records and International 

Interests 19 

Other Bureaus and Officers 20 

Red Cross Salaries 22 

Volunteers at Headquarters 23 

Chapters and Members 27 

A Membership of More Than Five 

Million .• 27 

The Junior Red Cross 27 

Junior Auxiliaries 29 

Naval Auxiliaries 29 

Chapter Administration Decentralized. 31 

Red Cross Map of United States 32 

Country Subdivided 33 

Handling the Chapter Output 38 

Co-ordination op Relief Work 39 

The Program of Co-ordination 39 

Organizations Co-operating with the 
Red Cross 41-43 

Work for the American Army and Navy 44 

Base Hospitals 44 

Ambulance Companies 46 

The Red Cross and the Navy 47 

A General Navy Hospital in Phila- 
delphia 48 

The Anibulance Ship "Surf" 48 

Laboratory Cars 48 

Bureau of Sanitary Service 49 

The Work of the Sanitary Units.... 50 

The Prevention of Malaria 51 

The Bureau of Camp Service 51 

Field Directors at the Camps 52 

More Sweaters, Etc., Needed 52 

Home Service 53 

Refreshment of Troops En Route.... 53 

Christmas Celebration 55 

Mobilization of Nurses 56 

Reinforcing the Nursing Service 66 

Conference on Nursing Problems 56 

Work for Civilians 59 

Government Aid to Dependent Families 69 

Home Service 60 

Division Directors of Civilian Relief. . 60 

Training Workers in Home Service 61 

Home Service Institutes 62 

Disaster Relief 63 

Town and Country Nursing Service 64 

Woman's Work 65 

Surgical Dressings 66 

Hospital Supplies 66 

Knit Goods 67 

Comfort Kits 67 



Red Cross Instruction 69 

First Aid ; 69 

Sanitary Training Detachments 70 

Appropriations for Work in the United 
States 71-73 

THE WORK IN EUROPE..... 74-144 

France 75 

The Commission to France 75 

Infant Welfare Unit 76 

Tuberculosis Commission 76 

Medical Advisory Comnaittee 76 

General Advisory Committee 77 

Woman's War Relief Corps 77 

Nursing Service 78 

Organization in France 78 

General Policies 79 

The Needs of France 80 

Striking Details of the Work in 

France 81-84 

Estimates of Expenditures 84 

Red Crass Transportation Service 85 

Military Relief : 

Work for the American Army 86 

Relieving the "Antilles" Survivors.. 87 

Comforts for the Soldiers 88 

A Shipment of Tobacco 88 

Railway Canteens 89 

American Women in Canteens 90 

Canteens at Work 91 

Base Hospitals 92 

A Hospital Under Fire 93 

Other Hospitals Taken Over 95 

Hospital Supply Service 95 

How the Warehouses Help 97 

Military Medical Research 98 

Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers. 100 
New Uniforms for American Nurses. 101 

Civilian Relief : 

Work for Refugees 102 

Foodstuffs for the Sick and Needy.. 103 
Distributing Relief Along the Front.. 103 

Restoring French Villages 104 

Housing Problems 105 

Co-operation with the Friends' So- 
ciety 1C6 

Caring for the Repatriated 107 

Relief of Invalided Soldiers 108 

The Mutilated and Blind 108 

France- Losing Population 109 

Special Relief for Children 110 

Prevention of Tuberculosis 112 

A Tuberculosis Sanatorium 113 

Work with the Tubercular in Paris. 114 
Les Tuberculeux de la Guerre 114 

Detail of Appropriations in France. 115-119 

Belgium 120-121 

England 122-124 

Italy 125-126 

Russia 127-130 

Roumania 131-133 

Serbia 134-137 

Armenia 138 

Care of American Prisoners in Ger- 
many 1 39 

Appropriations for Europe Outside of 

France 142-144 

Recapitulation of Appropriations 144 

Misrepresentations of the Red Cross.. 145 



DEC fc iSl? 



Q 



THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 

Founded 1881— Incorporated 1905 

President , . . . Woodrow Wilson 

Vice-President Robert W. de Forest 

^ Treasurer John Skelton Williams 

j^ Counselor John W. Davis 

^ Secretary-General F. W. M. Cutcheon 

General Manager Harvey D. Gibson 

Comptroller Charles G. DuBois 

Central Committee 

Appointed by the President of the United States 
William Howard Taft, Chairman 
Eliot Wadsworth, Vice-Chairman 
Robert Lansing, Secretary of State, to represent the Department 

of State. 
John Skelton Williams, Comptroller of the Currency, United 

States Treasury, to represent the Treasury Department. 
Major General William C. Gorgas, Surgeon-General U. S. A., to 

represent the War Department. 
Rear-Admiral William C. Braisted, Surgeon-General U. S. N., to 

represent the Navy Department. 
John W. Davis, Solicitor General, to represent the Department of 

Justice. 

Elected by Board of Incorporators 

Miss Mabel T. Boardman, Washington, D. C. 
Robert W. de Forest, New York, N. Y. 
John Bassett Moore, New York, N. Y. 
Judge W. W. Morrow, San Francisco, Cal. 
Albert A. Sprague, II, Chicago, 111. 
James Tanner, Washington, D. C. 

Elected by Delegates 
Cornelius N. Bliss, Jr., New York, N. Y. 
John M. Glenn, New York, N. Y. 
Franklin K. Lane, Washington, D. C. 
Alfred T. White, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Charles D. Norton, New York, N. Y. 
Henry P. Davison, New York, N. Y, 



Executive Committee 

Elected by the Central Committee 
William Howard Taft, Chairman ex-officio 
Eliot Wadsworth, Vice-Chairman ex-officio 

Major General William C. Gorgas Miss Mabel T. Boardman 
Rear-Admiral William C. Braisted Henry P. Davison 
Franklin K. Lane Robert W. de Forest 

Charles D. Norton 



Wab Council 

Appointed by the President 

Henry P. Davison, Chairman 
Charles D. Norton William Howard Taft, ex-officio 

Cornelius N. Bliss, Jr. 
Major Grayson M.-P. Murphy 
John D. Ryan. Eliot Wadsworth, ex-officio 



The Work of the 
American Red Cross 



To the American People: 

The Red Cross War Council herewith reports on the w©rk 
of the Red Cross during the almost six months which have 
elapsed since its appointment by the President. 

Included herein are details as to collections on account of 
the War Fund and appropriations made from the Fund, up 
to November 1st. 

The growth of Red Cross activities among the suffering 
civilian populations in the different allied countries is, up to 
this time, the outstanding feature of Red Cross work in this 
war. The magnitude of the work in France is particularly 
impressive. 

Broadly speaking, the Red Cross War Council has proceeded 
upon the theory that the present work of the American Red 
Cross should contribute to these great aims. 

1. Tc be ready to care for our soldiers and sailors on duty 
wherever and whenever that care may be needed. 

2. To shorten the War — ^by strengthening the morale of the 
allied peoples and their armies, by alleviating their sufferings in the 
period which must elapse until the American army can become fully 
effective abroad. 

3. To lay foundations for an enduring peace — by extending a 
.message of practical relief and sympathy to the civilian population 

among our Allies, carrying to them an expression of the finest side 
of the American character. 

The American people have generously supported the work 
of the Red Cross, and this report of activity is given with 
great fullness in the hope that through it the public may realize 
both the obligation and the opportunity which the future 
presents. 



The American Red Cross is attempting to respond to the 
most beseeching and far-reaching appeal ever made for mercy 
and rehef. 

The American people are to-day the richest people in the 
world, the richest in resources, richest in average intelligence, 
richest in obligations and in opportunities. The Red Cross aims 
to express in works of mercy the hearts and souls of America and 
to bind up the wounds of a bleeding world. 

Up to date approximately $85,000,000 in cash has been col- 
lected for the War Fund. Of this amount about $40,000,000 
has been appropriated. The demands, however, in Europe, are 
increasing with great rapidity and on the present basis of 
expenditure the $100,000,000 War Fund cannot last much beyond 
Spring, 

Following the preliminary report recently made on the work 
in Europe of the American Red Cross, the War Council presents 
herewith a summary of the work of the Red Cross, both in the 
United States and in Europe, from May 10, 1917, to November 
1, 1917. 

During this period the War Council appropriated from the 
War Fund for work in the United States $3,310,216.60. Besides 
this $7,659,000 was advanced from the War Fund for the pur- 
chase of materials for use by the Chapters. This will be returned 
to the War Fund. The sum of $20,601,240.47 was appropriated 
for use in France and $7,284,576.39 for use in other countries 
abroad. 



Part One 

The Work in America 



The principal purposes of the American Red Cross in its 
work in the United States may be summarized as follows: 

1. To take such measures as are necessary, in co-operation with 
the Army and Navy, for the protection of the health and welfare of 
soldiers in camps and cantonments, and of civilians whose welfare 
is involved in war conditions. 

2. To stimulate and guide the volunteer work of women in the 
manufacture of supplies and comforts needed by troops and civilians 
abroad and by men in training in this country. 

3. To co-operate with the Government and with all relief agen- 
cies in caring for the dependent families of men in the military and 
naval service, and to relieve suffering caused by any disaster. 

4. To maintain at the lowest cost consistent with efficiency, ma- 
chinery to assure the uninterrupted performance of these duties and 
of the relief work in Europe. 



While this record deals chiefly with policies initiated by the 
War Council and activities directed by the National Head- 
quarters of the Red Cross, it must be remembered that, in 
fact, the chapters are the Red Cross. They are the source of 
the money and the supplies which are bringing relief to wounded 
men and destitute families in all the allied countries; in our 
own country they are the local centers of the same beneficent 
activity. Their work must show a wide variety and it is impos- 
sible here to enumerate the many enterprises which the 3,287 
chapters have now under way. 

This report does indicate, however, all the channels of na- 
tional relief through which the endeavor of Red Cross members, 
more than 5,000,000 in number, is now being directed. 



APPOINTMENT OF THE WAR COUNCIL 

On May 10, 1917, President Wilson, as President of the 
American Red Cross, appointed a War Council of seven mem- 
bers to direct the work of the Red Cross in the extraordinary 
emergency created by the entrance of the United States into the 
war. 

In a letter to the Chairman of the War Coimcil, the President 
said: 

The close co-operation between the American National Red 
Cross and the military branch of the Government has already sug- 
gested new avenues of helpfulness in the immediate business of our 
organization for war, but the present crisis is larger than that and 
there are unlimited opportunities of broad humanitarian service in 
view for the American National Red Cross. 

Battlefield relief will be effected through Red Cross agencies 
operating under the supervision of the War Department, but civilian 
relief will present a field of increasing opportunity in which the 
Red Cross organization is especially adapted to serve, and I am 
hopeful that our people will realize that there is probably no other 
agency with which they can associate themselves which can respond 
so effectively and universally to allay suffering and relieve distress. 

The original members of the War Council were: 

HENRY p. DAVISON, Chairman 
of J. P. Morgan & Co., New York 

CHARLES D. NORTON, of New York. 
Vice-President, First National Bank. 

MAJOR GRAYSON M.-P. MURPHY, of New York. 
Vice-President, Guaranty Trust Company. 

CORNELIUS N. BLISS, JR., of New York. 
Bliss, Fabyan & Company. 

EDWARD N. HURLEY, of Chicago. 

Formerly Chairman of the Federal Trade CoramisdoDi 

Ex-officio 

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT, Chairman, and 

ELIOT WADSWORTH, 

Vice-Cbairman of the Central Committee of the Red Cross. 



Mr. Hurley subsequently resigned, becoming Chairman of 
the Shipping Board. His place on the War Council was filled 
by the appointment of John D. Ryan, President of the Anaconda 
Copper Mining Company of Butte, Montana. 

In announcing this action, the President issued the follow- 
ing statement: 

I have today created within the Red Cross a War Council to 
which will be entrusted the duty of responding to the extraordinary 
demands which the present war will make upon the services of the 
Red Cross, both in the field and in civilian relief. 

The best way in which to impart the greatest efficiency and en- 
ergy to the relief work which this war will entail will be to concen- 
trate it in the hands of a single experienced organization which has 
been recognized by law and by international convention as the public 
instrumentality for such purposes. Indeed, such a concentration of 
administrative action in this matter seems to me absolutely necessary, 
and I hereby earnestly call upon those who can contribute either 
great sums or small to the alleviation of the suffering and distress 
which must inevitably arise out of this fight for humanity and 
democracy, to contribute to the Red Cross. 

It will be one of the first and most necessary tasks of the new 
War Council of the Red Cross to raise great sums of money for the 
support of the work to be done and done upon a great scale. I 
hope that the response to their efforts will be a demonstration of 
the generosity of America and the power of genuine practical sym- 
pathy among our people that will command the admiration of the 
whole world. 



!! 



THE WAR FUND 

The first task of the War Council after its appointment on 
May 10, 1917, was to secure an adequate fund with which to 
begin the tremendous work which the Red Cross is called upon 
to do. A National War Finance Committee, headed by Cleve- 
land H. Dodge, of New York, was appointed by President Wilson 
to undertake the financial campaign. Henry P. Davison was 
Vice-Chairman of the Committee; Seward Prosser, of New York, 
Executive Committee Chairman; Charles S. Ward, Secretary; 
Harvey J. Hill, Associate Secretary; and William G. McAdoo, 
Secretary of the Treasury, Treasurer. 

Other members of the Committee were: 

CORNELIUS N. BLISS, Jr., of New York. 
HENRY L. CORBETT, of Portland, Ore. 
WILLIAM H. CROCKER, of San Francisco, 
R. F. GRANT, of Cleveland, O. 
FRANK B. HAYNE, of New Orleans, 
FRANCIS L. HIGGINSON, Jr., of Boston. 
LOUIS W. HILL, of St. Paul, Minn. 
VANCE C. McCORMICK, of Harrisburg, Pa. 
JOHN B. MILLER, Pasadena, Calif. 
HENRY MORGENTHAU, of New York. 
CHARLES D. NORTON, of New York. 
FRANK S. PEABODY, of Chicago. 
GEORGE WHARTON PEPPER, of Philadelphia. 
LAWRENCE C. PHIPPS, Sr., of Denver. 
JULIUS ROSENWALD, of Chicago. 
JOSEPH P. TUMULTY, of Washington. 
FESTUS J. WADE, of St. Louis. 
ELIOT WADSWORTH, of Boston. 

President Wilson designated the week of Jime 18th to 
June 25th as ''Red Cross Week" by the following proclamation: 

Inasmuch as our thoughts as a nation are now turned in united 
purpose towards the performance to the utmost of the service and 
duties which we have assumed in the cause of justice and hberty; 

Inasmuch as but a small proportion of our people can have the 
opportunity to serve upon the actual field of battle, but all men, 
women and children alike may serve and serve effectively by making 

10 



it possible to care properly for those who do serve under arms 
at home and abroad; 

And inasmuch as the American Red Cross is the official recog- 
nized agency for voluntary' effort in behalf of the armed forces 
of the nation and for the administration of relief; 

Now, therefore, by virtue of my authority as President of the 
United States and President of the American Red Cross, I, Wood- 
row Wilson, do hereby proclaim the week ending June 25, 1917, as 
"Red Cross Week," during which the people of the United States 
will be called upon to give generously and in a spirit of patriotic 
sacrifice for the support and maintenance of this work of national 
need. (Signed) Woodrow Wilson. 

Washington, D. C, May 25, 1917. 

Plans for the campaign were outlined at the first conference 
of the War Council held in Washington, May 24-25. Speakers 
at this conference included General John J. Pershing, Secretary 
of War Newton D. Baker, Ian Malcolm, representing the British 
Red Cross with the British Mission then in Washington ; Herbert 
C. Hoover, John H. Gade, who had assisted Mr. Hoover in the 
Commission for Relief in Belgium; Frederick Wolcott, who had 
represented the Rockefeller Foundation in Poland, and, from 
the War Council and Campaign Committee, former President 
Taft, Mr. Davison, Mr. Bhss, Mr. Wadsworth, Mr. Hurley, 
Mr. Norton, and Mr. Charles S. Ward. 



A Campaign for $100,000,000 

It was decided to ask the American people for $100,000,000, 
which amount was carefully apportioned to states, cities and 
towns throughout the country. A nation-wide organization was 
improvised by the National War Finance Committee to handle 
the campaign, by far the greatest ever conducted for philan- 
thropic purposes. The chapters, which were, called upon to 
conduct the local campaigns, responded with great enthusiasm. 
Not only did many of them voluntarily increase the allotments 
given them, but practically every city in the country exceeded the 
goal set for it. 

At the beginning of Red Cross Week President Wilson sent 
the following telegram to the mayors of one hundred cities in 
which intensive campaigns had been planned: 

The American people, by their overwhelming subscription to the 
Liberty Loan, have given a new endorsement to the high prin- 
ciples for which America entered the war. During the week now 
beginning, which I have designated as "Red Cross Week," they will 

11 



have a unique privilege of manifesting America's unselfishness as 
well as the real spirit of sacrifice that animates our people. 

May I urge that your city do its part in the raising of the 
$100,000,000 Red Cross War Fund, measuring the generosity of its 
gifts by the urgency of the need? Woodeow Wilson. 



The Results of the Campaign 

The response of the American people to the appeal for the 
Red Cross was prompt and generous. A sum in excess of $100,- 
000,000 was pledged to the American Red Cross during the War 
Fund campaign. In addition to many large gifts made by private 
individuals, "Red Cross dividends" were declared by banks, cor- 
porations and business concerns of all kinds. Some of these 
gifts, notably that from the Rockefeller Foundation, and the 
special dividends from the United States Steel Corporation and 
the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, amounted to millions of 
dollars. 

The pledging of so large a sum clearly betokened the desire 
of the American people that the Red Cross should measure up 
to the extraordinary demand upon merciful effort created by 
this, the most tragic of all wars. 

Behind this contribution of money stand more than 5,000,- 
000 members of the American Red Cross. The membership is 
constantly increasing, and these members are not only ready to 
do, but are actually doing, their part in the world task the 
American Red Cross has undertaken. 

The Red Cross has not yet finally determined its complete 
program of action, but at all times work which it may be called 
upon to do for our own Army and Navy will have first place 
in its consideration. 

The War Council has been impressed with the preparations 
made by the War and Navy Departments to care for the health 
and safety of the men composing our armed forces, and the 
American Red Cross regards it as an obligation to have avail- 
able at all times a sufficient portion of its funds to enable it 
to perform any relief or emergency service for our own soldiers 
and sailors that may be needed. 



More Money will be Needled 

It is already clear that if the generous impulse behind the 
Red Cross movement in the United States is to find full expres- 

12 



sion, work for suffering humanity upon a scale beyond prece- 
dent or anticipation will have to be undertaken. This will re- 
quire funds much in excess of those already pledged. 

Questions have been raised as to why work of such magnitude 
and consequence should not be an object of Government instead 
of private endeavor. The answer is threefold: 

1. Through the Red Cross men, women or children, though they 
cannot go to the front, can find a way to aid those at the front. 
Thus the vohmteer spirit, a very precious asset, has an effective 
means of expressing itself. 

2. Through the Red Cross one-half the nation, namely, the 
women, can most effectively serve their country in the war emer- 
gency; and 

3. By concentrating through such a volunteer organization as 
the Red Cross, relief work can be accomplished with less delay and 
with more economy. 

This world calamity gives to the Red Cross an opportunity 
to give expression to the best and most characteristic side of 
American life, and to do it on a scale called for by the immensity 
of the sorrow and distress of mankind. 



Collection of the War Fund 

After the War Fund had been pledged, there remained the 
great task of collecting, during a considerable period of partial 
payments, so large a sum — the largest ever pledged in such a 
campaign — from points scattered all over the United States. 
An organization capable of handling this work had to be built 
up and adequate supervision provided. 

The Central Trust Company of New York, in compliance 
with the request of the Executive Committee of the Red Cross, 
is acting as Assistant Treasurer of the War Fund, without pay. 
At its own expense the Assistant Treasurer maintains a War 
Fund office in New York and has established an office with 25 
employees at National Headquarters in Washington. 

The War Fund is deposited locally throughout the country 
by the chapters and campaign committees, as it is collected, all 
deposits being made in the name of the Red Cross War Fund, 
¥/illiam G. McAdoo, Treasurer, subject to check of William 
G. McAdoo, Treasurer, and the Central Trust Company of New 
York, Assistant Treasurer. At present there are approximately 

13 



3,500 banks holding Red Cross War Fund deposits. The cash 
which has actually come under control of the Assistant Treas- 
urer is now approximately $85,000,000. 

The total amount collected in each state, territory and foreign 
country, as of November 1, 1917, is as follows: 



District Amount 

Alabama $296,281 .11 

Alaska 12,009.01 

Ai-izona 108,032.49 

Arkansas 238,718.93 

California 2,616,848.92 

Colorado 970,528.39 

Connecticut 1,958,414.71 

Delaware 1,088,400.48 

District of Columbia. . 152,018.57 

Florida 239,974.81 

Georgia 309,823.73 

Guam 1,884.12 

Idaho 121,996.04 

Illinois 4,251,110.21 

Indiana 1,056,092.52 

Iowa 1,228,943.39 

Kansas 1,149,592.31 

Kentucky 371,924.40 

Louisiana 722,975.42 

Maine 606,055.34 

Maryland 645,416.26 

Massachusetts 5,124,777.62 

Michigan 2,373,325.07 

Minnesota 1,628,112.33 

Mississippi 106,123.41 

Missouri 1,589,170.14 

Montana 131,752.02 

Nebraska 514,799.35 

Nevada 26,950.79 

New Hampshire 265,845.74 



District ^tmount 

New Mexico $87,119.22 

New Jersey 3,324,873.84 

New York 24,416,386.41 

North Carolina 226,339.74 

North Dakota 119,639.54 

Ohio 4,572,501.07 

Oklahoma 475,714.00 

Oregon 205,078.28 

Panama 11,536.06 

Pennsylvania 9,181,100.27 

Philippine Islands. . . . 1,374.61 

Porto Rico 384.02 

Rhode Island 839,893.87 

South Carolina 268,709.48 

South Dakota 113,138.38 

Tennessee 491,014.39 

Texas 995,517.48 

Utah 154,444.66 

Vermont 141,349.80 

Virginia 327,529.24 

Washington 1,015,159.62 

West Virginia 358,702.39 

Wisconsin 1,194,155.17 

Wyoming 169,354.89 

Hawaii 42,861.25 

Chile 7,658.00 

Cuba 10,808.35 

Mexico 10.00 

Nicaragua 128.00 



Expenditures Carefully Made 

Expenditures from the fund are made only by authority 
of the War Council. Under the terms on which the War Fund 
was subscribed, the chapters are permitted to request the refund 
of a portion (not to exceed 25 per cent) of the money actually 
collected in their jurisdictions. The m.oney thus received by 
the chapter must be spent for local rehef work and such other 
local expenses as are approved by the Red Cross War Council. 

The expense of raising and collecting the War Fund has 
proved to be exceptionally small. Present indications are that 



14 



it will amount to little more than one-half of one per cent of 
the total, and it will certainly not exceed one per cent. This 
showing has been made possible through the generosity of con- 
tributors in many cities who bore personally a large share of 
these expenses. 



Gifts Other Than Money 

Large as these gifts of money are, American generosity has 
expressed itself in many other ways that are equally impressive. 
The greatest of these is, of course, the incalculable amount of 
time and labor that is being freely given by the American 
women who work at home and in chapter work-rooms on sur- 
gical dressings, knit goods, hospital garments and comfort kits. 
An estimate of the value of this work, during the next 12 months, 
on projects already under way, puts the total at $36,400,000. 
At National Headquarters, at the various division headquarters 
and at chapters throughout the country men and women of un- 
usual ability and exceptional training are devoting part or all 
of their time to the Red Cross. Property owners all over the 
United States have given houses atid offices free or at a reduced 
rental for the use of chapters. 

Notable special gifts, among many others that might be men- 
tioned, are the following: 

A credit of $500,000 given by the Ford Motor Company, to be 
used for automobiles, motor ambulances, or parts. 

A credit of $250,000 for telegraph and cable service, given by the 
Western Union Telegraph Co. 

Cigarettes to the number of 1,500,000, twenty thousand packages 
of smoking tobacco and 10,000 cuts of chewing tobacco, given by 
the Liggett and Myers Tobacco Company for shipment to France. 

1,500 000 cigarettes given by the P. Lorillard Company. 

A motor kitchen completely equipped for service in France, 
given by Louis Sherry, New York. 

The buildings and grounds of the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital 
in Philadelphia, which had been condemned by the city in the course 
of street construction, put at the disposal of the Red Cross, rent free, 
by the City of Philadelphia. 

Twenty thousand feet of warehouse space, valuable docking and 
terminal facilities and expert service, at the Bush Terminal, Brooklyn, 
New York, given by Irving T. Bush. 



16 



Ill 



THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION 

The control of the War Fund and other Red Cross funds, 
and the general administration of the work of the Red Cross, 
are now vested in the Executive Committee, elected by the 
Central Committee, and the War Council, appointed by the Pres- 
ident. 

In order to inform itself accurately on the conditions in 
foreign countries which demand such relief as the American 
Red Cross can offer, the War Council has sent commissions to 
France, Russia, Italy, Roumania and Serbia, each composed of 
specialists in medicine and general relief, business men and other 
executives of large experience. Major Grayson M.-P. Murphy, 
a member of the War Council, headed the Commission to France ; 
Dr. Frank Billings that to Russia; Henry Watkins Anderson 
that to Roumania; George F. Baker, Jr., that to Italy, and Cor- 
denio Arnold Severance that to Serbia. 

A Department for Belgium has been established by the 
Commission to France, which has general supervision of all 
American Red Cross relief in Europe, and a Commissioner and 
Deputy Commissioner have also been sent to England. These 
commissions work in close touch with American military and 
diplomatic officers abroad. 

The recommendations of these commissions are considered 
and acted upon by the War Council, together with such meas- 
ures as are developed for relief in this country in co-operation 
with the National Government. The whole machinery of the 
Red Cross is devoted to carrying out the program so deter- 
mined. 



Foreign Relief 

While all the departments and bureaus of the Red Cross are 
thus concerned in the work abroad, a Department of Foreign 

16 



Relief has been established to have special charge of the requi- 
sitions for material and requests for personnel which are re- 
ceived from the commissions and approved by the War Council. 
Louis J. Horowitz, president of the Thompson-Starrett Co. of 
New York, is Director of Foreign Relief, serving without pay. 
In the filling of requisitions for hospital supplies and the se- 
lection of medical and nursing personnel for foreign service the 
Director of Foreign Relief has the advice and assistance of a 
Bureau of Medical Service for Foreign Commissions. Dr. R. M. 
Pearce, of Philadelphia, Professor of Research Medicine, Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Medical Advisory 
Committee, is Director of the Bureau; Dr. W. C. Bailey, of 
Boston, Assistant Secretary of the Medical Advisory Committee, 
Associate Director, and Dr. Ralph Pemberton, of Philadelphia, 
Assistant. 



Medical Advisory Committee 

In all matters relating to medicine and sanitation, the War 
Council enjoys the advice and co-operation of the following 
Medical Advisory Committee, which includes, it will be noted, 
some of the foremost physicians and sanitary experts of the 
country : 

DR. SIMON FLEXNER, of New York, Chairman. 

Director Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. 
DR. JOHN W. KERR, of Washington. _ 

Surgeon General, United States Public Health Service. 
DR. HERMAN M. BIGGS, of Albany, N. Y. 

Director of the New York State Department of Health. 
DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH, of Baltimore. 

Director of School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University. 

DR. FRANK BILLINGS, of Chicago. 

Professor of Medicine, University of Chicago. 
DR. M. J. ROSENAU, of Boston. 

Professor of Preventive Medicine, Harvard University. 
DR. WICKLIFFE ROSE, of New York. 

Director of the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation. 
DR. VICTOR C. VAUGHAN, of Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Professor of Hygiene and Physiological Chemistry, University of Michigan. 
DR. CHARLES V. CHAPIN, Providence, R. I. 

Department of Health. 
DR. RICHARD M. PEARCE, of Philadelphia, Secretary. 

Professor of Research Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. 
DR. WALTER C. BAILEY, Assistant Secretary. 

Former Chairman of the Massachusetts Commission on Tuberculosis. 
Ex-officio members of the Committee are the Director-General and Assistant Director- 
General of Military Relief. 



The General Manager 

The plans and policies adopted by the War Council and 
Executive Committee are entrusted for execution to the Acting 

17 



Chairman of the Executive Committee. The Acting Chairman is 
now a member, ex-officio, of the War Council, a position which 
involves so much attention to large questions of policy and prac- 
tice that it has been found desirable to delegate the duties of 
the operating head of the organization to a new officer, the 
General Manager. Harvey D. Gibson, President of the Liberty 
National Bank, of New York, has been appointed to this office. 
The whole field of relief is divided broadly between the 
Department of Military Relief, the Bureau of Naval Affairs 
and the Department of Civilian Relief, each with an executive 
head reporting to the General Manager. 



Military Relief 

The Director-General of Military Relief has charge of all 
work for the Army of the United States, except such service to 
the Expeditionary Force as is directly administered by the 
Commission to France. 

Jesse H. Jones, a business man of large affairs, of Houston, 
Texas, is Director-General of Military Relief. Under his di- 
rection a bureau in charge of Capt. S. R. Burnap handles the 
organization and equipment of base hospitals and hospital units. 
Another in charge of Lt. Col. C. H. Connor supervises the forma- 
tion of ambulance units, instruction in first aid, and the forma- 
tion of sanitary training detachments. There is also a Bureau 
of Sanitary Service, headed by Dr. Paul Preble, co-operating 
with Federal and State authorities in the sanitary care of the 
districts immediately outside the limits of military jurisdiction 
at camps and cantonments. 

Work with troops in camp or travelling under military orders 
is in charge of an Assistant Director-General of Military Relief, 
Winthrop M. Crane, Jr., Manager of the Crane Paper Mills, 
of Dalton, Mass, A Bureau of Camp Service, headed by H. S, 
Thompson, operates at cantonments and Army and Navy sta- 
tions to increase the welfare and comfort of the enlisted men. 
A Bureau of Canteen Service, Foster Rockwell, director, super- 
vises the work of refreshment units in extending courtesies to 
men on troop trains. 

18 



Bureau of Naval Affairs 

The Bureau of Naval Affairs, headed by Medical Inspector 
T. W. Richards, U. S. N., deals with matters particularly con- 
cerning the Navy and co-operates with the Department of 
Military Relief. 

Civilian Relief 

The Director General of Civilian Relief is W. Frank Per- 
sons, formerly Director of the Charity Organization Society, 
New York. The most important war activity of this Depart- 
ment is the organization and supervision of home service, which 
includes all the relief work done locally by Red Cross Chapters 
for the benefit of the dependent families of absent soldiers and 
sailors, as well as the after-care and employment of men crip- 
pled in the service. 

Disaster relief, a regular peace-time function of this depart- 
ment, is continued as needed during war. The Bureau of Town 
and County Nursing, in charge of Miss Fannie F. Clement, 
enrolls Red Cross public health nurses for special service in 
rural communities and supervises their work. This department 
also directs the annual Red Cross Christmas seal campaign, 
conducted co-operatively by the Red Cross and the National 
Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, 
which realizes large sums annually for the fight against tuber- 
culosis. 

OIHce of Records and International Interests 

The Secretary-General of the Red Cross is in charge of 
the Office of Records and International Interests. Franklin 
W. M. Cutcheon, a member of the law firm of Byrne, Cutcheon 
& Taylor of New York, has been appointed to this office. Its 
functions include matters of law and international relations, the 
protection of the Red Cross insignia, custody of Red Cross 
Records and management of National Headquarters, and the 
work of the Division of Personnel, the Bureau of Communication, 
the Bureau of American Prisoners' Relief, which transmits food 
and clothing to American prisoners in Germany by way of Berne, 
Switzerland, and the Bureau of Allied Prisoners' Relief, which 
performs similar services for prisoners from the forces of the 
Allies. 

19 



The Bureau of Communication is prepared to answer ques- 
tions concerning all matters connected with individual relief 
work in Europe whenever these relate to members of the Amer- 
ican Expeditionary Forces, to prisoners of war, or to people in 
the districts occupied by the Central Powers. Working in con- 
sultation with the Department of State it is prepared to give 
information as to the proper methods of forwarding money to 
civilians in invaded districts or to prisoners of war, to transmit 
letters to prisoners of war in the Central Empires, to secure in- 
formation concerning casualties. The Bureau will have ''search- 
ers" in all hospitals and rest stations and from them will re- 
ceive detailed casualty reports for transmission to families. 
All "missing" will go automatically on the "searchers' " list, but 
for all other casualty information families should make inquiries. 

Neither the Bureau of Communication nor any other agency 
is permitted to transmit civilian inquiries to persons in territories 
belonging to, or occupied by, the Central Powers. In some cases 
questions asked involve diplomatic matters not yet decided by 
the United States Government, and when this is the case, the 
inquirers will be so informed by the Bureau of Communication. 

Other Bureaus and Ofiicers 

The work of mobilizing and directing the great numbers of 
volunteer Red Cross workers and contributors, providing them 
with materials for the making of relief goods, shipping their 
products to their destinations, and other details of the relief 
program of the Red Cross are handled by a group of bureaus 
under the supervision of the General Manager. They may be 
enumerated as follows: 

The Bureau of Development, headed by Samuel M. Greer, 
Commercial Superintendent of the Chesapeake and Potomac Tele- 
phone Co. This bureau is charged with promoting and supervising 
chapter activity, including the work of the Junior Red Cross. It 
conducts membership campaigns, regulates and apportions the work 
to be done by the chapters, and publishes hand-books and special 
information for the use of volunteer workers. In all these activities 
the bureau deals with the chapters through the Division Managers. 

The Bureau of Standards, headed by Frederick P. Small, 
assistant to the president of the American Express Company. This 
is the commercial engineering department of the Red Cross, which 
standardizes all office practices and specifications, establishes stand- 
ards for new activities, and studies the potential strength and 
weakness of all new plans which are suggested for adoption by the 
chapters. In this work Mr. Small's wide experience in analyzing 
business propositions, particularly with a view to their practicability 

20 



for a large number of widely scattered offices, is proving of great 
value. 

The Woman's Bureau, directed by Miss Florence M. Marshall, 
formerly of the Manliattan Trade School, New York. All women's 
work done for the Red Cross, except nursing, including the making 
of surgical dressings, hospital supplies and garments, and knit 
goods and comfort kits, is standardized, supervised, instructed and 
inspected by this bureau, which is organized through the Division 
offices. 

Assisting Miss Marshall is an advisory committee of women 
of experience in Red Cross chapter work, composed as follows: 

MRS. WILLIAM K. DRAPER, of New York. 

Chairman. 
MISS MARY GOODWILLIE, of Baltimore. 

V ice-Chairman. 
MRS. PRESTON ARKWRIGHT, of Atlanta. 
MISS MABEL T. BOARDMAN, of Washington. 
MRS. WILLIAM CROCKER, of San Francisco. 
MRS. JOSEPH CUDAHY, of Chicago. 
MRS. F. V. HAMER, St. Louis. 
MRS. E. H. HARRIMAN, of New York. 
MISS LAVINA NEWELL, of Boston. 
MRS. GEORGE WHARTON PEPPER, of Philadelphia. 
MRS. LEONARD WOOD, Charleston, S. C. 

The Bureau op Nursing, which has been for eight years in 
charge of Miss Jane A. Delano, assisted by Miss Clara D. Noyes. 
maintains the Nursing Service, recruits properly qualified nurses 
for military and naval service, organizes nursing units, and super- 
vises the courses in elementary hygiene and home care of the sick, 
and home dietetics, which are offered to the public. 

The Bureau of Purchases is headed by Frank B. Gifford, who 
has been in charge of purchases for the Armour Company, of Chicago, 
for fifteen years. This bureau has charge of all purchases of the Red 
Cross, both for foreign and domestic relief and for administrative 

uses. 

The Bureau of Supplies, J. R. Flannery, president of the 
Flannery Bolt Co., and Vanadium Metal Co., of Pittsburgh, director, 
supervises the assembling of Red Cross supplies, the sale of raw 
materials to chapters, returning finished products to the divisional 
warehouses, transportation to port warehouses and shipment abroad. 

The Central Trust Company of New York is acting without 
pay as Assistant Treasurer of the Red Cross War Fund, and has 
detailed Frederick J. Fuller, Vice-President of the Central Trust 
Company, and several members of its paid staff for service at 
National Headquarters. 



21 



IV 



RED CROSS SALARIES 

Almost without exception the important posts of the Red 
Cross are filled by men and women who are accustomed to large 
affairs, but are now giving their services absolutely without 
pay for the lessening of human suffering. Throughout the Or- 
ganization persons are, similarly, either giving their time or 
are serving for nominal salaries. 

The record of the growth of Red Cross work and of the num- 
ber of workers to attend to it is briefly shown in the following 
table : 

In midsummer, 1916: 

(Red Cross on Peace Basis) 

Membership about 200,000 

Chapters about 200 

Paid officers and employees. National Headquarters 75 

Salaries $2,000 to $7,500 29 

On July 15, 1917: 

(Three months after the United States had entered the war) 

Membership about 2,500,000 

Chapters, nearly 1,800 

Paid officers and employees. National Headquarters 700 

Salaries $2,000 to $7,500. .■ 43 

On November 1, 1917: 

Membership more than 5,000,000 

Chapters 3,287 

Paid officers and employees, National Headquarters 423 

Salaries $2,000 to $7,500 37 



The above table shows that as the demands for men and 
effort have increased, the tendency has been for salaries to de- 
crease both in number and average size. The reduction may be 
accounted for partly by the decentralization of chapter admin- 
istration, which has transferred a considerable amount of routine 
work from National Headquarters to Division Headquarters, 

22 



and partly by the gradual improvement of the organization at 

National Headquarters. 

The Red Cross has thus added to its paid staff at National 
Headquarters, to handle the tremendously increased volume of 
work brought about by the entry of the United States into war, 
a net total of 348 ofl&cers and employees, of whom eight receive 
salaries of $2,000 a year or over. There is no salary in excess 
of $6,000 paid to any officer in the Headquarters organization 
who has been added since the declaration of war. The highest 
salary paid in the organization, $7,500 per year, was also paid 
when the Red Cross was on a peace basis. 

The wages and salaries paid to the staff at National Head- 
quarters are classified as follows: 

Less than $600 a year 85 

$ 600 but less than $1,000 182 

$1,000 but less than $1,500 86 

$1,500 but less than $2,000 ^ 33 

$2,000 but less than $2,500 10 

$2,500 but less than $3,000 6 

$3,000 but less than $5,000. 18 

$5,000 to $7,500 3 

Total 423 



Volunteers at Headquarters 

Had the Red Cross been obliged to pay salaries to all the 
heads of departments at National Headquarters the present or- 
ganization would have been impossible. The development of a 
staff of executives who bring to the Red Cross such large busi- 
ness and professional experience has been possible only because 
of the many volunteers who have put their time and energy 
freely at the command of the Red Cross. 

Counting only members of the staff of National Headquar- 
ters and the Division Managers, and omitting a number of 
assistants and clerks at Headquarters and thousands of volun- 
teer executives and assistants connected in various capacities 
with the chapters, there are 63 officials serving without cost 
to the Red Cross. A number of other staff workers are lent 
to the Red Cross by the corporations or institutions which em- 
ploy them, or are paid by the heads of their respective depart- 
ments. 

23 



The officials who serve without salary are as follows: 



War Council 



HENRY P. DAVISON, of New York. 

Of J. P. Morgan & Co., Chairman of the Red Cross War Council. 

CHARLES D. NORTON, of New York. 

First Vice-President of the First National Bank of New York; Member of the Red 
Cross War Council. 

MAJOR GRAYSON M.-P. MURPHY, of New York. 

Vice-President of the Guaranty Trust Company of New York; Red Cross Com- 
missioner to Em'ope and member of the Red Cross War Council. 

JOHN D. RYAN, of Butte, Montana. 

President of the Anaconda Copper Company; member of the Red Cross War 
Council. 

CORNELIUS N. BLISS, Jr., of New York. 

Member of the firm of Bliss, Fabyan & Company, of New York; member of the 

Red Cross War Council. 
ELIOT WADSWORTH, of Boston. 

Formerly of the engineering firm of Stone & Webster, of Boston; Vice-Chairman 

of the Central Committee of the American Red Cross and ex-officio member of 

the Red Cross War Council. 
GEORGE B. CASE, of New York. 

Member of the law firm of White & Case, of New York; Legal Adviser to the 

War Council. 
MARTIN EGAN, of New York. 

Member of the staff of J. P. Morgan & Company, of New York; Assistant to 

Mr. H. P. Davison. 
IVY L. LEE, of New York. 

Assistant to the Chairman of the Red Cross War Council, 
JOSEPH M. HARTFIELD, of New York. 

Member of the law firm of White & Case, of New York; Counsel to the War Council. 
JOSEPH R. HAMLEN, of Little Rock, Ark. 

Vice-President of J. H. Hamlen & Son, Inc., of Portland, Me., New York, and 

Little Rock, Ark.; Assistant to the Vice-Chairman of the American Red Cross. 
STEPHEN C. MILLETT, of New York. 

Of the banking firm of Millet, Roe & Hagen, of New York; in charge of the Cable 

Department for the War Council. 
JOHN W. PRENTISS, of New York. 

Partner in the firm of Hornblower & Weeks; Financial Assistant to the War 

Council. 



War Fund 

RALPH HORNBLOWER, of Boston. 

Member of the law firm of Hornblower & Weeks, of New York; Cashier of the Red 

Cross War Fund. 
FREDERICK J. FULLER, of New York. 

Vice-President of the Central Trust Company, of New York; representing the 

Assistant Treasurer of the Red Cross War Fund. 



Administration 

HARVEY D. GIBSON, of New York. 

President of the Liberty National Bank, of New York; General Manager of the 

Red Cross. 
CLYDE A. PRATT, of New York. 

Executive Secretary of the War Relief Clearing House, Assistant to the General 

Manager. 
GEORGE MURNANE, of New York. 

Vice-President of the H. K. McCann Company; Assistant to the General Manager. 
FRANKLIN W. M. CUTCHEON, of New York. 

Member of the law firm of Byrne, Cutcheon & Taylor, of New York; Secretary- 
General of the American Red Cross. 
CHARLES G. DU BOIS, of New York. 

Comptroller of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company; Comptroller 

of the American Red Cross. 
JESSE H. JONES, of Houston, Texas. 

Business man and banker; Director General of Military Relief. 

24 



WINTHROP M. CRANE, Jk , of Dalton .Mass. 

Manager of the Crane Paper Mills, of Dalton, Mass.; Assistant Director General 
of Military Relief. 
LOUIS J. HOROWITZ, of New York. 

President of the Thompaon-Starrett Company; Director of Foreign Relief. 

GEORGE EATON SCOTT, of Chicago. 

Vice-President of the American Steel Foundries; Director of Division Organization . 

EDWARD S. MOORE, of Chicago. 

Vice-President of the American Brake, Shoe and Foundry Company; Associate 

Director of Division Organization. 
WILLOUGHBY WALLING, of Chicago. 

Lawyer and banker; Associate Director of Division Organization. 
SEITH SPALDING, of Chicago. 

Director of A. G. Spalding and Brother; Associate Director of Division Organiza- 
tion. 
HARVE G. BAGEROW, of Chicago. 

The Rockwood-Bagerow Company, insurance, Assistant to the Director of Division 

Organization. 
SAMUEL M. GREER, of Roland Park, Md. 

Commercial Superintendent of the Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company; 

Director of the Bureau of Development. 
EDWARD C. CROSSETl , of Davenport, Iowa. 

Lumber manufacturer; Associate Director of the Bureau of Development. 

FREDERICK P. SMALL, of New York. 

Assistant to the President of the American Express Company; Director of the 

Bureau of Standards. 
HENRY G. ATWATER, of New York. 

American Telephone and Telegraph Company; Bureau of Standards. 

FRANK B. GIFFORD, of Chicago. 

General Purchasing Agent for Armour & Company; Director of th? Bureau of 

Purchases. 
J. ROGERS FLANNERY, of Pittsburgh. 

President of the Flannery Bolt Company, of Pittsburgh, and of the Vanadiiizn 

Steel Company, of Pittsburgh; Director of the Bureau of Supplies. 

MISS JANE A. DELANO, of New York. 

Formerly Superintendent oi the Bellevue Hospitnl Training School; Chairman of 

the National Committee on Nursing Service and Director of the Bureau of Nursing. 
HENRY S. THOMPSON, of Boston. 

Former partner of White, Weld & Company; Director of the Red Cross Camp 

Service. 
PERCY H. CLARK, of Philadelphia. 

Of the law firm of Joseph H. Clark; Associate Director of the Red Cross Camf, 

Service. 
WILLIAM R. CASTLE, Jr., of Boston. 

Former Assistant Dean of Harvard College; Director of the Bureau of Communica- 
tion. 
FRANKLIN ABBOTT, of Pittsburgh. 

Of Janssen and Abbott. Architects; Director of th e Division of American Prisoners' 

Relief. 
JULIAN PEABODY, of New York. 

Of Peabody, Wilson and Brown, Architects; Di actor of the Division of Allied 

Prisoners' Relief. 
DR. H. N. MacCRACKEN, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

President of Vassar College; Director of Junior Membership and School Activities 
EDWARD P. KEECH, Jr., of Baltimore. 

Of Keech, Wright and Lord, lawyers; Chief of the Division of Personnel. 

DAVID PAINE, of New York. 

Associated with the law firm of Ingraham, Sheehan and Moran, in charge of the 
New York office of the Division of Personnel. 

C. HARRIS CONNOR, of New York. 

Of Kissel, Kinnicutt and Company, bankers; Associate in the Division of Per- 
sonnel. 

GEORGE L. RADCLIFFE , of Baltimore. 

Vice-President of the Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland; Associate in 
the Division of Personnel. 

WELLS BLANCHARD, of Boston. 

Vice-President of the Portage Lake Mill Company; Department of Military Relief. 



Division Managers 

•^^^li^Sd^^t o/tWtaie Street Trust Company of Boston; Division Manager 
of the New England Division. 

^™W?oli^S' SlnUn^New York; Division Manager of the Atlantic Division. 

25 



JAMES R. GARFIELD, of Cleveland, lawyer. 
Division Manager of the Lake Division. 

GEORGE W. SIMMONS, of St. Louis. 

Vice-President of tlie Simmons Hardware Company of St. Louis; Division Man- 
ager of the Southwestern Division. 

FRANK T. HEFFELFINGER, of Minneapolis. 
Division Manager of the Northern Division. 

JOHN W. MOREY, of Denver. 

Of the C. S. Morey Mercantile Company; Division Manager of the Mountain 
Division. 

CHARLES SCOTT, Jb. , of Philadelphia. 

Vice-President of the Giant Portland Cement Company: Division Manager of the 

Pennsylvania Division. 
COL. WILLIAM LAWSON PEEL, of Atlanta, Ga. 

Formerly President of the American National Bank of Atlanta, Ga.; Division 

Manager of the Southern Division. 
C. D. STIMSON, of Seattle. 

President of the Stimson Mills and the C. D. Stimson Company; Division Man- 
ager of the Northwestern Division. 
MARSHALL HALE, of San Francisco. 

Of Hale Bros. Department Stores, in San Francisco; Division Manager of the 

Pacific Division. 

LEIGH CARROLL, of New Orleans. 

Lawyer; Division Manager of the Gulf Division. 
BRUCE D. SMITH, of Chicago. 

Vice-President of the Northern Trust Company; Divi.sion Manager of the Central 

Division. 
HENRY WHITE, of Washington, D. C. 

Formerly Ambassador to France; Division Manager of the Potomac Division. 
OTIS H. CUTLER, of New York. 

Chairman Board of Directors, American Brake, Shoe and Foundry Company; 

Division Manager of the Insular and Foreign Division. 

Bureau op Medical Service of Foreign Commissions 

DR. RICHARD M. PEARCE, of Philadelphia. 

Professor of Research Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Secretary of 
the Medical Advisory Committee, Director of the Bureau of Medical Service of 
Foreign Commissions. 

DR. WALTER C. BAILEY, of Boston. 

Physician; Assistant Secretary of the Medical Advisory Committee of the War 
Council, Associate Director of the Bureau of Medical Service of Foreign Com- 
missions. 

DR. RALPH PEMBERTON. of Philadelphia. 

Physician of Presbyterian Hospital, Philadelphia; Assistant in the Bureau of Medi- 
cal Service of Foreign Commissions. 

Others who are donating their time to Red Cross work at 
Headquarters are: 

LEWIS S. BIGELOW MISS ELIZABETH McFADDEN 

GRAHAM F. BLANDY MISS SARA NIEMAN 

J. F. DRYDEN MISS MARGARET PERRY 

MRS. ALFRED M. HOUGHTON P. L. REED 

MISS M. B. JUSTICE B. T. WILKERSON 

There are also twenty business men giving their time as fiscal 
agents for as many Red Cross Sanitary Units which are work- 
ing in the vicinity of various cantonments. 

This list of volunteers is necessarily incomplete for new 
workers are being added constantly and many are giving a part 
of their time in addition to those named here who are giving 
practically all of their time. 



26 



CHAPTERS AND MEMBERS 

On May 1, 1917, just before the appointment of the War 
Council, the Red Cross had 486,194 members and 562 chapters. 
On November 1, six months later, there were more than 5,000,000 
members and 3,287 chapters. In August more than a milhon 
new members were enrolled. 

Membership in the Red Cross involves the payment of dues 
of from one dollar per year to one hundred dollars at one time. 
There are six classes of membership as follows: 

Annual $1 per year 

Magazine 2 per year 

Contributing 5 per year 

Sustaining 10 per year 

Life . ; 50 

Patron 100 

All members paying two dollars or more are entitled to 
receive the Red Cross Magazine. 

About 90 per cent of the present members are in the annual 
class. Between 7 and 8 per cent are magazine members; be- 
tween 1 and 2 per cent contributing members. None of the 
other classes includes as much as one per cent of the total. 



The Junior Red Cross 

Through the Junior Red Cross, which has been created in 
accordance with a plan credited largely to Dr. H. N. Mac- 
Cracken, President of Vassar College, it is proposed to give 
the 22,000,000 school children of the United States an active 
share in the work of the Red Cross. 

The purpose of the Junior Red Cross is largely educational, 
and its activities will be carried on entirely in the schools, 
as a part of the school work. Through study and an active 

27 



participation in relief and welfare work, its members, who are 
at an age that responds immediately and strongly to the appeal 
of patriotic service, will be permanently enlisted among the 
creative forces of good citizenship. The service they will ren- 
der in the work of the Red Cross is obvious. By actual results, 
children in some schools, working under proper instruction and 
supervision, have already demonstrated their efficiency in pre- 
paring Red Cross supphes. Their value to the Red Cross will 
be further increased by the cultivation of an intelligent support 
on their part and the enlistment of their parents' interest. 

In addition to the pamphlets of instruction already pub- 
lished for chapter use, simple manuals will be issued by the 
Junior Red Cross to give additional directions for the making 
of supphes and to suggest further developments of Red Cross 
activity in the schools, such as the study of Red Cross work and 
history, home and personal hygiene, first aid, dietetics, partici- 
pation in Red Cross campaigns, chapter work of other sorts, 
the conservation of community resources, etc. 

President Wilson has endorsed the Junior Red Cross in the 
following proclamation : 



To the School Children of the United States: 

The President of the United States is also President of tne 
American Red Cross. It is from these offices, joined in one, that 
I write you a word of greeting at this time when so many of you 
are beginning the school year. 

The American Red Cross has just prepared a junior member- 
ship with school activities in which every pupil in the United States 
can find a chance to serve our country. The school is the natural 
center of your life. Through it you can best work in the great 
cause of freedom to which we have all pledged ourselves. 

Our Junior Red Cross will bring to you opportunities of service 
in your community and the other communities all over the world 
and guide your service with high and religious ideals. It will 
teach you how to save in order that suffering children elsewhere 
may have the chance to live. 

It will teach you how to prepare some of the supplies which 
wounded soldiers and homeless families lack. It will send to you 
through the Red Cross bulletins the thrilling stories of relief and 
rescue. And, best of all, more perfectly than through any of your 
other school lessons, you will learn by doing those kind things 
under your teacher's discretion to be the future good citizens of 
this country which we all love. 

And I commend to all school teachers in the country the 
simple plan which the American Red Cross has worked out to 
provide for your co-operation, knowing as I do that school children 
will give their best service under the direct guidance and instruc- 
tion of their teachers. Is not this perhaps the chance for which 
you have been looking to give your time and efforts in some 
measure to meet our national needs? Woodrow Wilson. 

28 



Organizing a Junior Auxiliary 

The organization of the Junior Red Cross aims at decen- 
tralization and the independence of the local unit. Contact 
with the Red Cross will be maintained only through the School 
Committee of the local chapter, the chapter, in turn, receiving 
its directions and material through the Division Director of 
Junior Membership. 

Upon application to Division Headquarters, any chapter will 
receive permission to form a School Committee. Any school, 
as a whole, with the approval of its authorities, will be enrolled 
as a Junior Auxiliary by the School Committee upon appHca- 
tion and the payment of dues to the chapter's School Fund. 
Other young people's organizations may become Auxiliaries on 
the same basis if their applications are approved by the Chap- 
ter School Committee. 

The dues of each Auxiliary are a sum equal to twenty-five 
cents for each member. This is required as a pledge of serious 
purpose, and is to be used by the Auxiharies in the purchase of 
materials for making supplies. It is not expected to cover all 
expenditures of this sort, if additional sums can be raised. The 
Chapter School Committee is empowered t/o accept a pledge of 
service in the place of dues, when this seems advisable, and to 
enroll single classes as Auxiliaries pending the organization of 
a school unit. 

Upon the enrollment of a school, every pupil and teacher 
automatically becomes a member of the Auxiliary, which then 
co-operates, through its own officers, with the Chapter School 
Committee. The school receives from its Division Director of 
Jmiior Membership a certificate of membership. Every member 
is entitled to wear the regular Red Cross membership button 
and the school may display a special banner, the design of 
which is furnished by the Chapter School Committee. 



Naval Auxiliaries 

At the request of the Secretary of the Navy, the Red Cross 
has arranged to have chapters form Naval Auxiliaries at vari- 
ous local points. 

A Woman's Advisory Committee on Naval Auxiliaries, of 
which Mrs. E. T. Stotesbury, of Philadelphia, is the Chairman, 
has been appointed. Mrs. George Dewey, widow of Admiral 

29 



Dewey, has accepted the chairmanship of the Naval Auxiliary 
of the District of Columbia Chapter. 

The letter in which Secretary Daniels requested the War 
Council to inaugurate these Naval Auxiliaries said, in part: 

Dear Mr. Davison: — 

For some months a large number of patriotic women of the 
country, animated by a desire to add to the comfort of the fine 
body of youths who have enlisted in the Navy, have been sending 
useful gifts of their own make. Some of these good women have 
done this work through the Red Cross and others through different 
organizations. It has been suggested that it would be wise if the 
Red Cross, the only national relief organization having ofl&cial 
recognition, be asked to extend its large sphere of usefulness by 
taking over entirely the direction of this laudable work of sending 
tokens of good will from willing workers to the men in the Navy 
by creating a Naval Auxiliary of the Red Cross, 

If your organization can do this, the Navy department and the 
Navy in all its units and the one hundred million Americans who 
are proud of their Navy will give cordial aid and hearty co- 
operation. 

Trusting that this suggestion will meet your favorable consid- 
eration, I am, 

Sincerely yours, 

JosEPHus Daniels. 

In response to Secretary Daniels, Mr. Davison sent the fol- 
lowing letter, outlining plans for the naval auxiliaries: 

My dear Mr. Secretary: 

Your favor of the 1st instant, in which you express the hope 
that we can favorably consider that the Red Cross extend its 
present organization for the purpose of creating naval auxiliaries 
to bend their efforts particularly to Navy work, duly received. 

The Red Cross, as you know, makes no distinction between the 
Navy and the Army in its work, our entire facilities being alike 
at the present time at the disposal of both branches of our Govern- 
ment. We have given your letter a great deal of thought, desiring 
to carry out your wishes in every way possible, and the following 
plan suggests itself to us as the most practical ior accomplishing 
the results indicated in your letter as desired by the Navy De- 
partment. 

In all communities where Red Cross chapters are organized, 
ladies who desire to work especially for the Navy shall be invited 
to organize and become an auxiliary of the Red Cross under the 
following conditions: 

1. The name of such auxiliary shall be, in each community, 
the Naval Auxiliary of the American Red Cross. 

2. In each community the Naval Auxiliary shall affiliate with 
the present local organized unit of the Red Cross and shall report 
to and be responsible to the Executive Committee of the chapter 
of the Red Cross or the branch, as the case may be. 

3. A Naval Auxiliary may maintain separate headquarters or 
it may combine with the headquarters of the local Red Cross 

80 



work in any manner that may be determined upon by the Chairman 
of the Naval Auxiliary in question and the Executive Committee 
of the chapter or the branch under whose jurisdiction it is. 

4. The rules governing Naval Auxiliaries shall be the same 
as the rules governing the present Eed Cross auxiliaries: 

(a) the name of the auxiliary shall be descriptive of its 
membership and affiliation and shall not be that of a person. 

(b) the purpose of the auxiliary shall be to carry out one 
or more specific lines of Red Cross work as prescribed in the 
certificate of organization. 

(c) the auxiliary must have at least ten members. All 
officers and members of committees shall be members of the 
American National Red Cross and of the chapter or branch 
within whose jurisdiction the auxiliary is located. 

(d) the auxiliary may be affiliated with the branch to 
which it is tributary, or may be placed directly under the 
jurisdiction of the chapter. 

What Red Cross chapters and branches shall do for Naval 
Auxiliaries: 

(a) transmit to them information and instructions received 
from the Central Committee through the Division Offices. 

(b) keep them supplied with literature, blank forms and 
other equipment necessary for their work. 

(c) assist them in obtaining raw materials for supplies. 

(d) establish a uniform system of accounting and records. 

(e) centralize the assembling and shipping of supplies. 

(f) give them full credit for work accomplished when re- 
porting to the Central Committee. 

An Advisory Committee of women particularly interested in 
naval affairs, nominated by you, would no doubt be helpful, and 
would be welcomed by us. 

Kindly advise if this method of procedure would, in a manner 
satisfactory to you, meet the situation you have in mind. It 
is needless for me to repeat that the Red Cross wishes to render 
any service within its power desired by the Department of the 
Navy. Yours very truly, 

H. P. Davison, 
Chairman, War Council. 

Chapter Administration Decentralized 

The unparalleled increase in membership and number of 
chapters since the United States entered the war made it neces- 
sary to change the method of chapter administration in order 
to maintain effective co-operation between the chapters and 
National Headquarters, and to relieve the staff at Headquarters 
of a rapidly growing volume of routine business which hindered 
that co-operation. Accordingly, a new plan of organization, 
based on the principle of decentralization, was devised and put 
into operation. 

Continental United States was divided into thirteen sec- 
tions, in each of which all operations of the chapters are now 

31 



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under the supervision of a Division Manager. This officer, 
a prominent business man of high standing in his community, 
has volunteered his services in every case and devotes his entire 
time to the work of the Red Cross during the period of the 
war. Chapters in the insular territories of the United States and 
in foreign countries have been placed in a fourteenth division, 
similarly organized. 

At each of the Division Headquarters, located in large, 
central cities, departments corresponding to those at National 
Headquarters have been created, each with a chief who is re- 
sponsible to the Division Manager, who in turn is responsible 
to the General Manager. Thirteen division supply warehouses 
will be used for storage of the raw materials used in chapter 
work and for reception of the finished goods made by the chapters 
in the several divisions. 

Chapters now report directly to Division Headquarters and 
receive their instructions and supplies from the Division Man- 
ager, and officials at National Headquarters deal with the chap- 
ters through the Division Managers. The Bureau of Member- 
ship at National Headquarters has been discontinued. Mem- 
bership lists are kept only at the chapters, and membership 
reports are received by Division Managers, for transmittal in 
summarized form to National Headquarters. A standard form 
of chapter accounting has been prepared for the financial reports, 
which must also be submitted by all chapters to Division Man- 
agers. 

A Bureau of Division Organization, in charge of George 
Eaton Scott, vice-president of the American Steel Foundries, has 
general charge under the General Manager of effecting this 
reorganization. 



The Country Subdivided 

The organization of the fourteen Division Headquarters, so 
far as it has been carried to date, may be summarized as follows : 

New England 

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode 

Island 

Headquarters — 755 Boylston Street, Boston. 

Manager — James Jackson, Vice-President State Street Trust Co., 
Boston. 

Director Bureau of Supplies — John L. Grandin, 142 Berkeley 
Street, Boston. 

33 



Director Military Relief — Robert H. Hallowell. 

Director Civilian Relief — Mrs. W. H. Lothrop. 

Director Bureau of Development — William DeFord Beal. 

Director of Woman's Bureau — Miss L. H. Newell. 

Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Elizabeth Ross. 

Division Accountant — Carl T. Keller. 

Director Junior Red Cross — Mary G. Leadbetter. 

Directors Bureau of Publicity — A. J. Philpott and C. Nutter. 

Atlantic 

New York, Connecticut, New Jersey 

Ileadquariers^A^ East Twenty-third Street, New York. 'lU 

Warehouse — 57th Street and North River, New York. ^iS 

Manager — Ethan Allen, woolen merchant. 
Assistant Manager — Albert W. Staub. 

Director Bureau of Supplies — Fillmore Hyde, 5 Union Sqimre, 
New York. 

Director Military Relief— John Magee. 

Director Civilian Relief — Alexander M. Wilson. 

Director Bureau of Developm,ent — Albert T. Tamblyn. 

Director of Woman's Bureau — Miss Ellen L. Adee. 

Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Carolyn Van Blarcom. 

Division Accountant — Douglas A. Elliott. 

Director Bureau of Publicity— Jason Rogers. 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania, Delaware 

Headquarters — 1601 Walnut St., Philadelphia. 

Manager — Charles Scott, Jr. 

Director Bureau of Supplies — Frederick H. Strawbridge. 

Director Bureau of Civilian Relief — J. Byron Deacon. 

Director Bureau of Development — Stephen Fuguet. wj^ 

Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. J. Willis Martin. IH 

Director Bureau of Nursing — Susan C. Francis. 

Division Accountant — John F. Porter 

Director Junior Red Cross — F. Corlies Morgan. 
Director Bureau of Publicity — Harry A. Thompson. 

Potomac 

Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia 

Headquarters — 932 Fourteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 
Manager — Hon. Henry White, formerly Ambassador to France. 
Director Bureau of Supplies — Admiral Richard Wainwright, 932 
Fourteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 
Director Military Relief — F. G. McKelvey. 
Director Civilian Relief — J.^W. Magruder. 
Director Bureau of Development — David H. Brown. 
Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. F. N. Chapman. 
Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Georgia Nevins. 
Division Accountant — Paul Quattlander. 
Director Junior Bed Cross — David H. Brown. 

34 



Southern 

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and All 

OF Tennessee 

Headquarters — 424 Healy Building, Atlanta, Ga. 
Warehouse — 32 James St., Atlanta. 

Marmger—Co\. William Lawson Peel, formerly President Amer- 
ican National Bank, Atlanta. 

Associate Manager — C. D. Bidwsll. 

Director Bureau of Supplies— Lindsey Hopkins, 32 James Street. 

Director Military Relief — Z. B. Phelps. 

Director Civilian Relief — Joseph C. Logan. 

Director Bureau of Development — Guy E. Suavely. 

Director of Womayi's Bureau — Mrs. John W. Grant. 

Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Jane Van de Vrede. 

Division Accountant — R. E. Dale. 

Director Bureau of Publicity— WiHis B. Milner, Jr. 



Lake 



Indiana, Ohio and All of Kentucky 



Headquarters— 929 Garfield Building, Cleveland, Ohio. 
Manager — James R. Garfield, formerly Secretary of Interior. 
Director Bureau of Supplies— W. S. Root, 942 Prospect Ave. 
Cleveland, Ohio. 

Director Military Relief— James R. Garfield. 
Director Civilian Relief — James L. Fieser. 
Director Bureau of Development — F. E. Abbott. 
Director of Woman's Bureau — Mrs. H. L. Sanford. 
Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Mary Roberts. 
Division Accountant — F. L. Chamberlain. 
Director Bureau of Publicity — D. C. Dougherty. 



Central 

Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska 

Headquarters— 180 North Wabash Ave., Chicago. 

Manager— Brme D. Smith, Assistant Secretary and Assistant 
Treasurer Northern Trust Company, Chicago. 

Director Bureau of Supplies— Frank Hibbard, Le Moyne Build- 
ing, Wabash and Lake Street, Chicago. 

Director Military Relief— Fremont B. Hitchcock. 

Acting Director Civilian Relief— T. J. Edmunds. 

Director Bureau of Development— J. J. O'Connor, 112 West 
Adams Street, Chicago, 111, 

Director of Woman's Bureaur— Miss Ina Taft. 

Director Bureau of Nursing— Miss Minnie Ahrens. 

Division Accountant — J. F. Dillman. 

Director Bureau of Publicity— James H, Hough. 

35 



Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico 

Headquarters — Fourteenth and Welton Streets, Denver. 

Manager — John W. Morey, of the C. S. Morey Mercantile Co., 
Denver. 

Director Bureau of Supplies — Roblin H. Davis, 14th and Welton 
Sts., Denver. 

Director Military Relief — Roblin H. Davis. 

Director Civilian Relief — Miss Gertrude Vaile. 

Director Bureau of Development — Henry Swan, State Capitol, 
Denver, Colo. 

Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Lottie Welch. 

Division Accountant — W. A. Dixon. 

Director Bureau of Publicity — Henry Swan. 

Northwestern 

Washington, Oregon, Idaho 

Headquarters — White Building, Seattle. 

Manager — C. D. Stimson, President Stimson Mills and C. D. 
Stimson Co., Seattle. 

Director Bureau of Supplies — J. A. Baillargeon, First Ave. and 
University Street. 

Director Military Relief — Leslie W. Getchell. 

Director Civilian Relief — F. P. Foisie. 

Director Bureau of Development — Josiah Collins. 

Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. Lucy C. Hilton. 

Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss May Loomis. 

Division Accountant — R. D. White. 

Director Bureau of Publicity — J. A. Wood. 



Pacific 



California, Nevada, Arizona 



Headquarters— 942 Market Street, San Francisco. 

Manager — Marshall Hale, President Hale Department Stores, 
San Francisco. 

Assistant Manager and Director Bureau of Supplies — A. B. C. 
Dohrmann, 831 Mission Street, San Francisco. 

Director Military Relief — Harrison Dibblee. 

Director Civilian Relief — C. J. O'Connor. 

Director Bureau of Development — John L. Clymer. 

Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. A. L. McLeish. 

Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Lillian White. 

Division Accountant — E. C. Conroy. 

Director Bureau of Publicity — Guy R. Kinsley. 

Southwestern 

Kansas, Missouri^, Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas 

Headquarters — 1617 Railway Exchange Building, St. Louis. 
Manager — George W. Simmons, Vice-President Simmons Hard- 
ware Co., St. Louis. 

36 



Director Bureau of Supplies — Horace M. Swope, 1230 Olive 
Street, St. Louis. 

Director Military Relief — Stanley Stoner. 
Director Civilian Relief — Alfred Fairbank. 
Director Bureau of Development — Mrs. H. M. Morgan. 
Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. Edmund F. Brown. 
Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Lyda W. Anderson. 
Division Accountant — S. P. Schuyler. 
Director Bureau of Publicity — Louis La Beaume. 
Director Junior Red Cross — Mrs. E. R. Kroeger. 

Gulf 

Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana 

Headquarters — Post Office Building, New Orleans. 
Warehouse — U. S. Mint, New Orleans. 
Manager — Leigh Carroll. 

Director Bureau of Supplies — S. J. Schwartz. 
Director Military Relief — H. S. FlaspoUer. 
Director Civilian Relief — Emmet W. White. 
Director Bureau of Development — W. J. Leppert. 
Director Woman's Bureau — 'Mrs. E. E. Moberly. 
Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss L. A.^Daspit. 
Division Accountant — H. J. Jumonville.v^ 
Director Bureau of Publicity — F. D. Armstrong. 

Northern 

Minnesota, North Dakota,' South Dakota, Montana 

Headquarters — Essex Building, Tenth and Nicollet Ave., Min- 
neapolis, Minn. 

Manager — Frank T. Heffelfinger. . 

Director Bureau of Supplies — Frank A. Bovey, 527 South Sec- 
ond Avenue, Minneapolis. 

Director Military Relief — Coler Campbell. 

Director Civilian Relief — Frank J. Bruno. 

Director Bureau of Development — J. T. Gerould. 

Director Woman's Bureau — Mrs. C. B. Fridley. 

Director Bureau of Nursing — Miss Edith A. Barber. 

Division Accountant — W. F. Grenell. 

Director Bureau of Publicity — R. C. Emery. 

Insular and Foreign 

Hawaii, Insular Territories of the United States, All 
Foreign Countries 

Headquarters — Washington, D. C. 

Ma7iager— Otis H. Cutler, Chairman Board of Directors, Amer- 
ican Brake, Shoe and Foundry Co, 



37 



Handling the Chapter Output 

The organization has been developed to insure effective allot- 
ment of the manufacture of rehef supplies among the chapters, 
economical purchase of raw materials, and proper handling of 
the finished products. 

The original requisition for relief supplies comes either from 
a designated official in charge of rehef work in this country 
or from one of the Red Cross Commissions now in service 
abroad. 

Each requisition, if approved, is carefully apportioned at 
National Headquarters among the fourteen divisions in which 
the chapters have been grouped. The Division Managers, in 
turn, allot to each of the chapters in their territories its share of 
the division's quota. 

Raw materials are purchased in large quantities by the 
Bureau of Purchases at Headquarters. This not only reduces 
very considerably the cost of the finished articles, but insures 
the quality and uniformity of the materials. The material is 
then shipped in appropriate quantities to each of the various 
division warehouses, where ordinarily three months' supply is 
held for sale to the chapters as needed, approximately at cost. 
The money appropriated by the War Council for the purchase 
of these raw materials is therefore returned to the War Fund 
and used for necessary relief at home or abroad. 

The finished articles and other supplies from the chapters 
are sent in weekly shipments to the division warehouses and 
there inspected, sorted, packed and made ready for shipment 
on instructions from National Headquarters. 



38 



VI 

CO-ORDINATION OF RELIEF WORK 

At the dedication of the Red Cross National Headquarters 
in Washington on May 12, 1917, President Wilson's address 
contained the following plea for the co-ordination of all relief 
work by the people of the United States: 

There will be many expressions of the spirit of sympathy and 
mercy and philanthropy, and I think that it is very necessary that 
we should not disperse our- activities in those lines too much ; that we 
should keep constantly in view the desire to have the utmost concen- 
tration and efficiency of effort, and I hope that most, if not all of the 
philanthropic activities of this war may be exercised, if not through 
the Red Cross, then through some already constituted and experi- 
enced organization. 

In accordance with the policy thus expressed by the Presi- 
dent, the War Council appointed a Committee on Co-operation, 
naming Judge Robert S. Lovett of New York as Chairman. 
Judge Lovett subsequently resigned the chairmanship, though 
remaining a member of the committee, in order to become a 
member of the War Industries Board. He was succeeded by 
Charles A. Coffin of New York. The other members of the 
committee are: 

HORACE E. ANDREWS, of New York. 

DR. LEE K; FRANKEL, of New York. 

ANTON G. HODENPYL, of New York. 

EDWARD B. BUTLER, of Chicago. 

JOHN F. MOORE, of Boston. 

GEORGE WHARTON PEPPER, of Philadelphia. 

BISHOP BRENT, of the PhiUppine Islands. 

The Program of Co-ordination 

A plan of co-operation based on the policy laid down by Presi- 
dent Wilson, and conditioned by the increasing difficulty of 
distributing relief effectively, by the inadequacy of transporta- 
tion facilities, and by the coming of the United States Army to 
France, was proposed by the Red Cross Commission in France 
and approved by eighteen of the leading American relief workers 
in Paris and by a number of relief workers in London. 

39 



Recognizing the generosity and effectiveness of the work done 
in France by Americans during the first three years of the war, 
the Commission points out that new plans are now necessary. 

The Army controls and apportions transportation facilities 
on which American relief work in France depends. Since it 
cannot deal with a great number of individual organizations, 
and since the Red Cross is, in a sense, associated with the Army 
and under its control, the Army has chosen to deal with the 
Red Cross as the central organization through which this relief 
work should be carried on by Americans. 

The problems involved in getting and assigning cargo space 
at sea, or railroad facilities on shore, made unified direction of 
all shipments a necessity. It became impossible, too, to con- 
tinue — what in peace time was possible — making deliveries 
always as specifically designated by the senders. 

The Red Cross, therefore, cannot wisely attempt to use the 
limited transportation space at its command for the distribution 
of individual contributions to designated points, but should 
rather accept such contributions as the donors are willing to 
entrust to it for such distribution as seems best to it and to its 
associated societies in France, so far as transportation facilities 
permit. 

In order to serve best the needs of the Army and bring about 
the greatest good, the Red Cross Commission suggests the fol- 
lowing program: 



First: For the Red Cross Commission in France, aided by the ex- 
perienced relief societies, to classify, standardize and requisition, in 
the order of their importance, the reUef supplies which are needed, and 
to determine what may either be purchased in France or dispensed with 
altogether in order to save transportation space, and at the same time 
fill the most pressing want: 

Second: For the Red Cross at home, aided by the experienced societies 
and relief organizations in America, to provide in a systematic way for 
furnishing the relief supplies so indicated as needed here and which 
may not be purchased here, and for their shipment in the order of their 
urgency . 



The plan was approved by American Relief workers in Paris, 
in the following terms: 



We, the undersigned, approve and endorse the message from the 
Red Cross Commission in Paris to the War Council, dated August 29th, 
and with knowledge of the situation and our experience on the ground 
here, we recommend to our friends and fellow workers at home the 

40 



acceptance of the views and the adoption of the plan proposed in that 
message . 

Signed: 



EDITH WHARTON 
MRS. WILLIAM H. HILL 
MRS. EDWARD TUCK 
MRS. WILLIAM K. VANDERBILT 
JOSEPH A. BLAKE 
AUGUSTUS F. JACCACI 
ATHERTON CURTIS 
MRS. E. W. SHURTLEFF 
WALTER V. R. BERRY 



MRS. C. K. AUSTIN 

JOHN GARDNER COOLEDGE 

MRS. BENJAMIN G. LATHROP 

MRS. R. W. BLISS 

EDWARD TUCK 

MISS ANNA MURRAY VAIL 

MRS. CHARLES R. SCOTT 

WHITNEY WARREN 

MRS. PHILIP BERARD 



The following relief workers in London also endorsed the 
message of the Red Cross Commission: 



MRS. WHITELAW REID 

MRS. JOHN ASTOR 

MRS. CURTIS BROWN 

WALTER BURNS 

MRS. HENRY CHAPIN 

ROBERT W. CHAPIN 

LADY RANDOLPH CHURCHILL 

MRS. ROMILLY FEDDON 

J. GRANT FORBES 

RUPERT GRANT, JR. 



VISCOUNTESS HARCOURT 
LADY ARTHUR HERBERT 
DUCHESS OF MARLBOROUGH 
MRS. CRAIG McKERROW 
SIR WILLIAM OSLER 
LADY OSLER 
L. P. SHELDON 
MRS. ROBERT P. SKINNER 
MRS. H. S. WAITE 
HONORABLE LADY WARD 



Organizations Co-operating with the Red Cross 

As a result of negotiations conducted by the Committee on 
Co-operation, a number of American organizations for war re- 
lief have entered into co-operation with the Red Cross. These 
societies retain their own identity and collect funds in this coun- 
try in their own name. In making war relief supplies, however, 
they give preference to work based upon the needs reported to 
the Red Cross by its foreign commissions, and done in accord- 
ance with the standards established by the Red Cross. When 
finished, the goods manufactured by these societies are delivered 
to the Red Cross for shipment abroad, after which they are dis- 
tributed to the places where, in the judgment of the Red 
Cross, they will be most useful. 

Among the national societies working on this basis are the 
National Surgical Dressings Committee, whose efficient distribu- 
tion service in France has become the Surgical Dressings Service 
Department of the American Red Cross; the American Fund for 
French Wounded, whose special service consists in the sending 
of supplies to the French hospitals, and which is co-operating 



41 



with the Red Cross in the United States and iu France; the Emer- 
gency Aid of Pennsylvania; the Needlework Guild of America, 
which has been co-operating with the Red Cross for about ten 
years; the "War Service League of the Salvation Army and numer- 
ous others. 

In addition to these national societies, a great number of 
local organizations have entered into various forms of co-opera- 
tion with the Red Cross, acting through its divisions and chapters. 

The American Relief Clearing House 

For about two years prior to August, 1917, the American 
Relief Clearing House at Paris, which maintained a transporta- 
tion and warehouses system through which it served a great 
number of American relief agencies, had been acting as distribut- 
ing representatives in France of the American Red Cross. As 
a result of the changed conditions brought about by the entry 
of the United States into the war, the Clearing House and its 
efficient distributing service were turned over to the American 
Red Cross in August, 1917. 

Mr. H. H. Harjes, President, and Mr. H. O. Beatty, Director- 
General of the American Relief Clearing House in Paris for 
more than two and one-half years, became High Commissioner 
for France and Director-General for France and Belgium, re- 
spectively, of the Red Cross. Mr. Ralph J. Preston of the 
Executive Committee of the American Relief Clearing House 
became a Deputy Commissioner of the Red Cross. 

In view of this change in France, the War Relief Clearing 
House for France and Her Allies, the corresponding organization 
in America, discontinued its warehouse and ceased the shipment 
of supplies, and recommended to all its correspondents in the 
United States, Canada, etc., some 14,000 in number, that in 
future they work through and in co-operation with the Red 
Cross. The Clearing House, continues, however, to handle 
funds for certain relief purposes. 

The executive secretary of the War Relief Clearing House, 
Mr. Clyde A. Pratt, has become Assistant to the General Man- 
ager of the Red Cross. 

The American Distribution Service 

Almost immediately after the Red Cross Commission began 
work in France, the American Distribution Service, organized 
and maintained by Mrs. Robert W. Bliss, was put at its disposal. 

42 



This service was commenced in August, 1914, and during its two 
years of activity had built up a most effective organization which 
served over 3,000 French hospitals and had distributed almost 
nine million articles. The service was supported entirely by 
Mr. and Mrs. Bliss of the American Embassy, and its tender 
to the Red Cross solved the problem of distribution to French 
hospitals. 

Les Tuberculeux de la Guerre 

The society for the relief of the tuberculous, known as Les 
Tuberculeux dela Guerre, founded by Mrs. Edith Wharton, has 
given its funds and property to the Red Cross to be used in its 
campaign against that disease. 

American Society for the Relief of French War Orphans 

The work of the American Society for the Relief of French 
War Orphans has also been turned over to the American Red 
Cross. This organization, of which W. D. Guthrie of New York 
was President, had been aiding directly about 15,000 French 
war orphans, largely in the devastated districts, and also con- 
tributing 30,000 francs ($6,000) per month to the Associa- 
tion Nationale Frangaise pour la Protection des Families des 
Morts pour la Patrie, which had 4,000 orphans under its care. 
All its expenses were met by membership dues and an under- 
writing fund, contributions for relief being used in full for the 
fatherless children in France. By the terms of the agreement 
the Society ends its separate existence, and its personnel and 
assets are placed at the disposal of the Red Cross. The Red 
Cross, in turn, assumes the responsibility of continuing, for a 
period of six months from October 1st, the assistance that the 
Society had been extending to French war orphans through 
French societies or committees. 

Other Relief Organizations 

The Red Cross is itself co-operating actively with many relief 
agencies, both American and foreign, either by agreements for 
joint service in specified fields, such as the tuberculosis campaign 
directed by the Rockefeller Foundation, and the canteen service 
of the Societe de Secours aux Blesses Militaires, or by direct 
contributions to their work. Among Armenian and Syrian 
refugees, for example, the Red Cross is represented entirely by 
the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, to 
whose work it has contributed $1,800,000. 

43 



VII 

, WORK FOR THE AMERICAN ARMY 

AND NAVY 

The work of the Red Cross in the United States for the 
American Army and Navy may be defined broadly as follows: 

1. To co-operate with the medical service of the Army and 
Navy; 

(a) by recruiting, organizing and equipping base hospital 
and other hospital and ambulance units which may be called 
into service at the discretion of the Army or Navy Medical 
Corps ; 

(b) by handling special problems of health and sanitation 
which accompany the establishment of numerous cantonments, 
camps and naval stations; 

(c) by stimulating the regular manufacture of surgical dress- 
ings and hospital supplies of such sort and in such quantity 
that Army and Navy hospitals wherever located shall not be 
handicapped by lack of these necessary supplies. 

2. To co-operate with the Army and Navy and with other 
established agencies in promoting the comfort and welfare of 
men in training in this country or en route to camps and training 
stations. 



Base Hospitals 

Two years before the United States entered the war the 
Department of Military Relief of the Red Cross, recognizing 
that hospital units must be organized and prepared in advance 
of war, if the Army Medical Service was to be able to meet 
the shock of such an emergency, had begun to recruit and 
organize, at important hospitals and medical schools, groups of 
doctors and nurses who could be called into service at any time 
by the Army Medical Corps. The work of selecting and equip- 
ping such units was pushed energetically, and when the United 
States entered the war six complete units were ready for service. 

A typical base hospital unit contains twenty-two surgeons 

44 



and physicians, two dentists, sixty-five Red Cross nurses, and 
one hundred and fifty-two men of the enlisted Reserve Corps. A 
commanding officer, a quartermaster, and a hospital sergeant 
are detailed to the unit when it is mustered into the Army 
Medical Corps. 

This early preparation for the necessities of war enabled 
the Red Cross to respond immediately to the call of the Army, 
which came within a fortnight after the entry of the United 
States into war. Six units were mobilized at once, and within 
seven weeks of the declaration of war one of these had reached 
England on its way to France and had been received by the 
King and Queen. Red Cross doctors and nurses who had been 
mustered into the Army Medical Corps were thus the first 
detachments of the American Army to reach the war zone for 
active service. 

Since that time the work of forming additional units and 
completely equipping those waiting for service has gone on. 
There are now 49, more than a dozen of which have already 
been sent into service in France. In several cases chapters of 
the Red Cross have assumed a large part, or the whole, of the 
expense of outfitting these hospitals, which are being supplied 
with all the necessary apparatus and materials at a total cost 
of approximately $2,000,000. After entering service in France 
several units, each prepared to handle a hospital of 500 beds, 
were called upon to care for much larger hospitals and have, 
therefore, received reinforcements to enable them to care for 
1,000 or 2,000 patients. 

The units already formed have been built around the per- 
sonnel of the following hospitals and medical schools: 



Parent Institution 



Location 



Director 



1 . Bellevue Hospital 

2. Presbyterian Hospital 

3. Mt. Sinai Hospital 

4. Lakeside Hospital 

5. Harvard University 

6. Massachusetts General 

Hospital 

7. Boston City Hospital 

8. New York Post Graduate 

Hospital 

9. New York Hospital 
10. Pennsylvania Hospital 



New York City 
New York City 
New York City 
Cleveland, Ohio 
Boston, Mass. 

Boston, Mass. 
Boston, Mass. 

New York City 
New York City 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



11. St. Joseph, St. Mary and 

Augustana _ Chicago, 111. 

1 2 . Northwestern University 

Medical School Chicago , 111 . 

13. Presbyterian and County 

Hospital Chicago, 111. 



Dr. Edw. L. Keyes 
Dr. Geo. E. Brewer 
Dr. N. E. Brill 
Dr. Geo. W. Crile 
Dr. Harvey Cushing 

Dr. F. A. Washburn 
Dr. J. U. Dowling 

Dr. Sam'I Lloyd 
Dr. C. L. Gibson 
Dr. R. H. Harte 

Dr. N.M.Percy 

Dr.F.A.Besley 

Dr . Dean D . Lewis 



45 



Parent Institution 



Location 



Director 



14. St. Luke-Michael Reese 

Hospital 

15. Roosevelt Hospital 

16. German Hospital 

17. Harper Hospital (Allen- 

town) 

18. Johns Hopkins Hospital 

19 . Rochester General Hospital 

20. University of Pennsylvania 

Hospital 

21. Washington University 

Medical School 

22. MilwaukeeCountyHospital 

23 . Buffalo General Hospital 

24. Tulane University 

25 . Cincinnati GeneralHospital 

26. State University of 

Minnesota 

27. University Pittsbui^h 

Medical School 

28 . Christian Church Hospital 

29 . Medical School of Denver 

30 . University of CaUf ornia 

31. Youngstown Hospital 

32. City Hospital 

33. Albany Hospital and 

Medical College 

34. Episcopal Hospital -^ 

35 . Good Samaritan Hospital 

36. College of Medicine 

37. King's County Hospital 

38. Jefferson Medical School 

39. *YaleMobUeUnit 

40 . Good Samaritan Hospital 

41 . University of Virginia 

42. University of Maryland 

Medical School 

43. Emory University 

44. Massachusetts Homeo- 

pathic Hospital 

45 . Medical College of Virginia 

46. University of Oregon 

47. San Francisco Hospital 

48. Metropolitan Hospital 

49. University of Nebraska 

50. University of Washington 



Chicago, 111. 
New York City 
New York City 

Detroit, Mich. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Rochester, N.Y. 



Dr. L. L. McArthur 
Dr. Chas. W. Peck 
Dr. Fred Kammerer 

Dr. Angus McLean 
Dr. John M.T.Finney 
Dr. JdinM.Swan 



Philadelphia, Pa . Dr . John B . Garnett 



St. Louis, Mo. 
Milwaukee, Wis. 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
New Orleans, La. 
Cincinnati, Ohio 



Dr. Fred T. Murphy 
Dr. C.A.Evans 
Dr.M.Chnton 
Maj. John B.Elliott 
Dr. Wm. Gillespie 



Minneapolis , Minn . Dr . Arthur A . Law 



Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Kansas City, Mo. 
Denver, Colorado 
San Francisco, Cal. 
Youngstown, Ohio 
Indianapolis, Ind. 

Albany, N.Y. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Los Angeles, Cal. 

Detroit, Mich. 
Br9oklyn,N.Y. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
New Haven, Conn. 
Lexington, Ky. 
University, Va. 

Baltimore, Md. 
Atlanta, Ga. 

Boston, Mass. 
Richmond, Va. 
Portland, Ore. 
San Francisco, Cal. 
New York City 
Omaha, Neb. 
Seattle, Wash. 



Dr. R.T.Miller 
Dr.J.F.Binnie 
Dr. J. W. Amesse 
Dr.E.S.Kilgore 
Dr. CoUn R.Clark 
Dr. Edmund D.Clark 

Dr.W.A.Elting 
Dr.A.P.C.Ashhurst 
Dr. J. J. A. Van Kaat- 

hoven 
Dr. Burt R. Shurly 
Dr. Edwin H.Fiske 
Dr.Wm.M.L.Coplin 
J.M.Flint 
Dr. David Barrow 
Dr. Wm. H. Goodwin 

Dr. A. C Harrison 
Dr. E. C. Davis 

Dr. Wm. F. Wesselhoeft 
Dr. Stuart McGuire 
Dr. Robert C. Yenny 
Dr. Charles Levison 
Dr.Wm.F.Honan 
Dr. A. C.Stokes 
Dr.J. B.Eagleson 



*Organized by the Surgeon-General's Office. 



Ambulance Companies 

Forty-five ambulance companies, a total of 5,580 men, or- 
ganized by Red Cross chapters, have been mustered into the 
Army Medical Corps and most of them are seeing active service. 
Twelve have been training at Allentown, Pa., for service in 
France. One company is on duty at the Mexican border. The 



46 



remaining thirty-two have been assigned to cantonments and 
camps scattered over the country. In some cases the chapters 
not only recruited the personnel of the units, but also purchased 
their equipment, amounting to nearly $40,000 for each company. 
The organization of these ambulance companies completes the 
probable needs of the American Red Cross in this particular 
field. 

Each company consists of 124 men — a captain, four first 
lieutenants, two first-class sergeants, eleven sergeants, six cor- 
porals, one mechanic, three cooks, and ninety-six privates. Four 
ambulance companies are assigned to service with an army 
division, and the personnel may be used in whole or in part to 
man hospital trains, hospital ships, or where the need is great, 
emergency hospitals. 

The members of these companies have been given first-aid 
training under the direction of the American Red Cross — ^train- 
ing of the same character as that now being provided throughout 
the country in classes conducted by the various Red Cross Chap- 
ters. 



The Red Cross and the Navy 

The relation of the Red Cross to the Navy parallels its service 
to the Army. In both cases the Red Cross furnishes the first 
line medical reserve, recruiting the personnel for base hospitals 
and other medical or nurses' units. In the case of the Navy 
the base hospital units were originally somewhat smaller than 
those organized for the use of the Army. A typical unit, de- 
signed to care for a hospital of 250 beds, had a personnel of 171, 
including ten medical officers, one dental officer, forty' nurses,' 
twenty reserve nurses and one hundred enlisted men. The Red 
Cross has organized five of these units, two of which have been 
called into service abroad. It has, however, been found neces- 
sary to increase the capacity so that each hospital can care for 
500 beds, and the necessary doctors and nurses are being added 
to these units. The original equipment of these five hospitals, 
which were organized at Providence, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, 
San Francisco and Los Angeles, was furnished by the Red Cross, 
together with much of the supplementary equipment. 

Eight Naval Station Hospital Units have also been organ- 
ized in response to a call from the Surgeon-General of the Navy. 
One of these has already gone into service with its entire per- 
sonnel, three more are now being mobilized and others will be 

47 



called upon shortly. Each of these units includes five medical 
officers, twenty-one nurses and twenty-nine enlisted men. 

From Navy Detachments organized by the Red Cross Bureau" 
of Nursing 230 nurses have been detailed for active service. 

The Red Cross Supply Service serves the needs of 'N&yj hos- 
pitals as well as Army hospitals in emergencies and several 
important tasks have already been accomplished by the chap- 
ters in supplying surgical dressings and knit goods for the 
Navy. 



A General Navy Hospital In Philadelphia 

The Red Cross has established at Philadelphia the first gen- 
eral Red Cross hospital in this country. It contains 250 beds 
and is now being used by the United States Navy. 

The city of Philadelphia offered to the Red Cross, for an 
indefinite term, without rental, the building of the Medico-Chi- 
rurgical Hospital. This had been condemned by the city in order 
that a boulevard might be cut through its grounds. Its useful- 
ness was not, however, seriously affected. 

The Red Cross made necessary alterations in the building 
at a cost of $12,500, and has appropriated $20,000 for its cur- 
rent expenses and maintenance, both amounts coming from the 
War Fund, under the name of Red Cross General Hospital No. 1. 



The Ambulance Ship "Surf" 

Through the generosity of Dr. John A. Harriss of New York, 
the yacht Surf was put at the disposal of the Navy Medical 
Service, through the Red Cross, in June, 1917. It was used for 
four months as an ambulance ship, with a capacity of from 
40 to 50 patients. During its period of service it carried more 
than a thousand patients, all its expenses, including part of 
the salaries of the civilian medical staff, being borne by Dr. 
Harriss. The Surf carried a detachment of Red Cross nurses 
and performed a notable service. 



Laboratory Cars 

The War Council has authorized the creation of four mobile 
laboratory units for emergency service at military cantonments, 
naval stations, and other troop centers. 

48 



Each unit will be housed in a Pullman car remodeled for 
this purpose, completely equipped with laboratory apparatus 
and supplies, and manned by a staff of expert bacteriologists. 
The entire equipment will be held constantly in readiness for 
quick dispatch to any camp or station where the outbreak of 
an epidemic may call for highly specialized laboratory work. 



Bureau of Sanitary Service 

The purpose of the Bureau of Sanitary Service is to assist 
the civil health authorities in meeting the emergencies result- 
ing from the war. The first of these emergencies is the neces- 
sity for establishing more thorough control of sanitary condi- 
tions in the civil communities adjacent to army encampments 
and naval stations. These communities, although in intimate 
contact with the military encampments and having an important 
influence upon the health of the military forces, are not under 
military control. The authority to enforce sanitary measures is 
vested in the local and State Boards of Health, which, in many 
cases, are not in a position to provide immediately the enlarged 
organizations necessary to meet the new conditions resulting 
from a sudden increase of population. On request from a Board 
of Health the United States Public Health Service will come to 
its assistance with trained sanitarians, qualified to make surveys 
and to supervise sanitary measures. But as the Public Health 
Service has many other duties, the personnel and funds which 
may be applied to supplementing the organizations around can- 
tonments are limited. 

The Red Cross Bureau of Sanitary Service is, therefore, fur- 
nishing personnel and funds to complete the sanitary organiza- 
tions in these districts, supplementing the resources of the local 
communities, the states and the Public Health Service until some 
provision has been made for supporting the organizations with- 
out the aid of the Red Cross. Assistance is given by the Red 
Cross only on request from a state and on recommendation of 
the Surgeon- General of the Public Health Service, under whose 
direction a sanitary survey is made in the vicinity of each 
cantonment. 



How Sanitary Help is Given 

Upon receipt of a report from the Public Health Service, 
stating the conditions in a district and establishing the need for 

49 



aid, the Red Cross promptly furnishes this supplementary as- 
sistance by assigning to the district a group of trained assistants ; 
bacteriologists, sanitary inspectors and Red Cross public health 
nurses, with an appropriation sufficient to provide the necessary- 
equipment, transportation and maintenance. This group is or- 
ganized into a "Sanitary Unit." 

The health officer in charge of the district, usually an offi- 
cer of the Pubhc Health Service, or one recommended by that 
service, is appointed director of the unit and is immediately 
responsible for its work. In this way the Red Cross unit, being 
under the same direction as the rest of the local organization, 
becomes virtually a part of it. 

Associated with the Director of the unit is a business man- 
ager who is the fiscal agent responsible for the funds appropriated. 
In a number of instances the Field Directors of the Red Cross 
Camp Service have consented to act as business managers of 
sanitary units. In other instances a local business man, endorsed 
by the local Red Cross Chapter, is appointed. 

Since the object of a unit is essentially to make up deficiencies 
in the existing organization, the size and make-up of a unit de- 
pend upon the circumstances in the district to which it is 
assigned. 

The places to which sanitary units have already been as- 
signed and the initial appropriation from the War Fund for each 
are as follows: 



Columbia, S. C. 


$10,000 


Atlanta, Ga. 


$14,000 


Little Rock, Ark. 


7,150 


Chillicothe, Ohio 


10,000 


Louisville, Ky. 


7,700 


Greenville, S. C. 


9,000 


Des Moines, Iowa 


7,150 


Macon, Ga. 


10,000 


Fort Leavenworth, Kans. 


13,000 


Manhattan, Kans. 


9,000 


Hattiesburg, Miss. 


5,000 


Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. 


10,000 


Petersburg, Va. 


6,000 


Spartanburg, S. C. 


7,000 


Anniston, Ala. 


10,000 


American Lake, Wash. 


1,500 


Newport News, Va. 


21,000 


Montgomery, Ala. 


5,000 


Ayer, Mass. 


5,000 


Charlotte, N. C. 


6,000 



The Work of the Sanitary Units 



The work of these local organizations in which the Red Cross 
units co-operate is also varied to meet conditions, but in general 
it includes the following: A pubhc health laboratory, in charge 
of a competent bacteriologist, is established for bacteriological 
examinations of water and milk supplies and to assist in the 
diagnosis of infectious diseases. A house-to-house inspection of 

50 



sanitary conditions is made in the whole district. Unsanitary 
conditions must be remedied by the property owners, after which 
regular inspections must be made at intervals. Systematic in- 
spection is established for dairies, milk depots, restaurants, mar- 
kets and all places where food and refreshment are sold. Special 
effort is made to have all cases of infectious diseases promptly 
reported and to have each case, as reported, visited by an 
inspector or a public health nurse to instruct the attendants 
in necessary prophylactic measures and to see that they are 
carried out. 

/ 
Prevention of Malaria 

Special work is necessary in some of the Southern districts 
for the prevention of malaria. This requires the eradication 
of malaria-bearing mosquitoes in a fairly wide zone immedi- 
ately around the cantonment, and in the adjacent city, which 
is visited frequently by men from the encampment. Of course, 
in the military reservation, every precaution is taken by the 
military authorities to eliminate mosquitoes, but in order to 
get the full benefit of this work it is necessary also to eradicate 
them in the surrounding territory, otherwise they would invade 
the camps from their breeding places near by. 

The work of mosquito eradication is not confined to com- 
munities in which malaria is highly prevalent. It is being car- 
ried out in all the districts where malaria mosquitoes are found 
in considerable numbers, and where there is a possibility that 
malaria might become more prevalent with the increase of 
population due to the establishment of the camp. 

The same principle applies to other sanitary work; and the 
fact that active sanitary measures are undertaken in the vicinity 
of a camp does not necessarily mean that previous sanitary 
conditions in that district were especially bad. The object is to 
have the best possible protection in the vicinity of all the 
camps. The establishment of a camp, moreover, in propor- 
tion as it increases the civilian population, tends to bring about 
dangerous unsanitary conditions which require additional effort 
to control. 

The Bureau of Camp Service 

The American Red Cross undertakes to keep in touch with 
the soldiers and sailors of the United States from the day they 

51 



join the colors, and to look out for their comfort and welfare 
whenever possible. 

The function of the Red Cross in the camps and naval sta- 
tions is to render emergency aid and to provide comforts (not 
luxuries) for the men, such as knitted outj&ts, comfort kits, etc. 
It does not undertake to outfit the Army or the Navy, but when 
the emergency justifies it will supply on military request some 
of the articles which the Government undertakes to furnish 
but has not available. 

In order that there may be no duplication, the Red Cross 
will not furnish any articles, whether they are part of the out- 
fit provided by the Government or are in the nature of addi- 
tional comforts, except upon the request of a military or naval 
officer. This prevents the Red Cross from intruding within 
the proper sphere of any branch of the Army organization. 

It is the invariable rule of the Red Cross that such articles 
as it provides are donated or lent. The officers of the Govern- 
ment, in accepting articles for their men, assume no obligation 
for themselves or the Government to pay for them. 

Field Directors at the Camps 

It is proposed to carry on this work through Field Directors. 
There are now Field Directors representing the Bureau of Camp 
Service in thirty-eight National Army cantonments, National 
Guard mobilization camps, and naval stations, and it seems 
probable that it will be necessary to appoint Field Directors at 
additional points. 

These men are careful not to duplicate the work of the 
Army or of the other organizations, such as the Y. M. C. A., 
the Y. W. C. A,, Knights of Columbus, and Commission on 
Camp Activities, which are now established in the camps. They 
are, however, to co-operate with representatives of other or- 
ganizations, to the end that the welfare of the men may be 
protected. 

More Sweaters, Mufflers, Etc., Needed 

There has been a heavy demand from all of the National 
Army and National Guard camps, and also from the naval sta- 
tions, for sweaters as well as for helmets, mufflers, wristlets and 
comfort kits. Many of these articles have been produced by 
the Red Cross chapters, but the demand has very much ex- 

52 



ceeded, and still exceeds, the supply of hand-made sweaters. 
The great number of men in camp and the approaching cold 
weather have accelerated the immediate demand so that it was 
necessary to purchase sweaters in this emergency. There is and 
will be an almost unlimited demand for hand-made sweaters, and 
the product of the chapters must be steadily increased. In 
distributing these garments, the policy has been adopted of 
equipping, first, the troops who are leaving the country, and 
next, those in the more northerly camps. 

There are now Red Cross warehouses in twenty-five camps 
and naval stations, and others are being secured as rapidly 
as possible. A number of articles, carefully chosen, will be held 
in these warehouses in stock in order to make it possible for the 
Field Directors to give prompt relief if emergencies arise. 

Co-operating in Home Service 

The Field Directors stand ready to serve the soldiers and 
sailors who consult them concerning personal home problems. 
They are able to bring the men into touch with chapters of the 
Red Cross in their home towns, which have prepared themselves 
under the direction of the Department of Civilian Rehef to 
extend relief to soldiers' families when the necessity arises. 

The Field Directors are also co-operating and assisting ac- 
tively in the work of sanitation which is being conducted in 
communities adjoining some of the camps and stations. This 
work is often done under the supervision of the Bureau of Sani- 
tary Service of the Red Cross. 



Refreshment of Troops En Route 

Refreshment Units, under the supervision of the Canteen 
Service, directed by Foster Rockwell, have been estabhshed in 
all the important chapters from coast to coast. Their function, 
briefly stated, is to supplement the efforts of the War De- 
partment and the railroads in providing sustenance for troops 
en route. 

The service is entirely of an emergency character and is 
performed in co-operation with the railroads. The War Depart- 
ment has issued instructions to the railroads to furnish informa- 
tion to accredited representatives of the Red Cross as to the 
time of arrival of troop trains at places where they are scheduled 
to stop. Refreshment Units are organized on a military basis, 

53 



and only the commanding ofl&cer and the inteHigenee officer have 
foreknowledge .of troop train movements in their respective 
localities. From this information they determine the character 
of the service to be rendered. 

Refreshment Units, in organization and function, might be 
likened to a fire brigade. They are prepared to come to the 
rescue when delays — such as accidents, floods, snow storms, etc. 
— tend to disarrange schedules, resulting in the exhaustion of 
troop train supplies and consequent discomfort to the troops. 
During the heavy troop movements of the past two months, 
countless opportunities have been offered to test out the ma- 
chinery of the Refreshment Units, and the general success at- 
tained in furnishing light refreshments on short notice bespeaks 
great credit for the men and women associated in this phase of 
chapter activity. 

More than 1,000 chapters have Refreshment Units. 

Recently, during the entrainment of the colored members 
of the new army in the states of Louisiana and Mississippi, the 
Red Cross Canteen Service estabhshed colored auxiliaries in 
all important chapters, which actually served over 1,600 men. 

The "Attention Service" has been as popular as the Re- 
freshment Service. One chapter's record shows that it has 
stamped and mailed, for soldiers travelling, an average of over 
5,000 pieces of mail per day. This, together with handling 
soldiers' telegrams and sending their money orders, has taken 

the entire time of four members of the unit. 

« 

The Service is Appreciated 

The Secretary of War has commented on the service of one 
Refreshment Unit in the following letter: 

Washington, D. C, September 29, 1917. 
My dear Mr. Davison: 

I ought to have acknowledged the memorandum left with me 
some days ago about the work done by the Refreshment Unit of 
the Washington Chapter before this. It really makes an inspiring 
story, and this seems to me to be just one of the things which the 
Red Cross can do better than anybody else in the world; and 
also one of the things which will help to make us a strong and 
united people. 

Cordially yours, 
(Signed) Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War. 

Many letters of appreciation written by officers and soldiers 
to the chapters in acknowledgment of their courtesies have been 
received. 

54 



Christinas Celebration 

The Red Cross is preparing to take its full share in the 
plans to give every American soldier in camp or on active service 
a memorable Christmas. A Red Cross Christmas packet, con- 
taining a few useful gifts and, more especially, holiday treats, 
will be sent to every man. These packages, which will carry 
as much of the Christmas flavor as possible, will be made by 
the women and children of the chapters, including the members 
of the Junior Red Cross. The Naval Auxiliaries of the Red 
Cross will perform a like service for men in the Navy. 

These gifts will all come direct from the giver; no part of 
the War Fund will be applied to the purchase or manufacture 
of the packages. 

The Red Cross will also co-operate through its chapters in 
the local celebrations at each of the camps, cantonments, and 
training stations. While the form which chapter participation 
will take must be left to local conditions, the chapters in the 
vicinity t)f the camps will work with other agencies, including 
the Commission on Training Camp Activities, to provide a holi- 
day program which will omit nobody and contribute greatly to 
the enjoyment of the whole enlisted force. 

The Christmas undertaking of this year will repeat on a 
large scale what the Red Cross did last Christmas for the 
American soldiers on the Mexican border and for the American 
marines at Haiti and San Domingo. 



The Mobilization of American Nurses 

, The Nursing Service of the American Red Cross has enrolled 
for various kinds of duty more than 14,000 trained nurses. More 
than 3,000 Red Cross nurses are now engaged in active nursing 
service, of whom about 2,000 are in foreign countries. Another 
two thousand are doing teaching and committee work. Four 
thousand are enrolled with special units for immediate service. 
The remainder stand ready to serve as required. The number 
of trained nurses volunteering for service with the Red Cross now 
averages a thousand a month. 

The general scheme of unit organization has been to keep 
together groups of nurses and doctors with experience in the same 
training schools and hospitals. Fifty base hospital units for the 
Army have been recruited from alumnae of the schools connected 

55 



with the largest hospitals in the country, in groups of 65 to 100. 
Five Navy base hospital units, with 60 nurses each, have been 
recruited at the smaller hospitals. There are 27 hospital units of 21 
nurses each; 6 naval station hospital units of 21 nurses each; and 
45 Navy detachments of 10 to 20 nurses each, from which 230 
nurses have been called into Navy hospitals. There are also 120 
emergency detachments, containing altogether about 1,500 nurses, 
whose members can be utilized at any time for service where 
required. From this group 832 nurses have already been sent 
into service, the majority going to the cantonments. 

Specially trained nurses are being held in readiness for work 
in units devoted to pediatrics, orthopedics, mental diseases and 
public health. Public health and infant welfare nurses have 
already been sent to France and Roumania. Plans are also under 
way for special units of nurses trained in the care of mental dis- 
eases to serve in the mental wards of the hospitals established at 
the thirty-two Army cantonments. Units in orthopedics are 
being prepared to meet the needs of the maimed in the recon- 
struction hospitals. In the civil zones surrounding the training 
camps, cantonments and naval bases, fifty public health nurses 
have been assigned to work under the auspices of the Red Cross 
Sanitary Service, in co-operation with the local health authorities, 
as visiting nurses. 



Reinforcing the Nursing Service 

A thorough investigation of the present resources of the United 
States shows that there is no immediate lack of adequately 
trained nurses, and the Red Cross is taking steps to add to the 
available reserve. 

The real crux of the nursing situation lies in the future. While 
present needs are being met, the burden of the war will increase 
rapidly. It is of the greatest importance that able and educated 
young women should be urged to enter the regular training schools 
and take the usual course in order to fit themselves fully for 
nursing. 



Conference on Nursing Problems 

In order to utilize to the full the present nursing resources of 
the United States, the War Council called a conference on Red 

56 



Cross nursing problems which was attended by representatives of 
all the national organizations involved. A special committee was 
appointed by the chairman of this conference, consisting of: 



DR. SIMON FLEXNER. 

Chairman. 
MISS JANE A. DELANO. 

Chairman of the National Committee on Red Cross Nursing Service. 
MISS ADELAIDE M. NUTTING. 

Chairman of the Committee on Nursing of the Council of National Defense. 

MISS MARY BEARD. 

President of the National Organization for Public Health Nursing. 
DRS. WILLIAM H. WELCH and HERMANN M. BIGGS. 

Of the Medical Advisory Committee of the Red Cross. 
MAJOR WINFORD H. SMITH. 

Then Acting Director-General of Military Relief. 



The report of this committee, which has been approved by all 
the conferees, and by the War Council, provided for the increase 
of the available nursing reserve without threatening the standards 
of thorough training and efficiency maintained by the Red Cross 
Nursing Service. 

The minimum age for Red Cross Nurses, formerly 25 years, 
has been lowered to 21, and the upper limit has been left in- 
definite, to be dealt with separately in each case according to 
the character of the service and the physical quahfications of the 
applicant. 

The Red Cross has decided to consider for enrollment, in case 
of need, graduates of training schools which are recommended by 
State Boards of Registration as giving courses sufficiently 
thorough to prepare nurses for Red Cross service. Formerly only 
graduates of schools which had a daily average of at least 50 
patients were accepted. About 500 schools, it is estimated, will 
thus be added to those which are furnishing trained nurses 
eligible for service with the Red Cross. 

If the exigencies of war make it necessary, the Red Cross will 
request the schools giving a three-year course of training to 
advance the date of graduation of their pupils, perhaps even 
to the end of their second year of study. 

Public Health nurses are being specially enrolled for service 
either in this country or abroad. There will be much need for 
these workers with sociological training in relief work, and it is 
important that they should not spend themselves on bedside 
nursing alone. 

The period of practical hospital experience (in connection 
with base hospitals or such others as are selected by the Red 
Cross) for volunteer nurses' aids, who have completed the course 
in elementary hygiene and home care of the sick offered by the 

57 



Red Cross, is extended to one month of eight hours' service each 
day, which is to be repeated yearly. These workers are not to be 
used for service outside the United States, and women under 21 
years of age will not be selected. There is no pressing need for 
the extension of the nurses' aid enrollment at present. 

This program has been approved by the officers of the Red 
Cross Nursing Service; by officers of the Committees on Nursing 
of the Council of National Defense; by 

MISS ANNE GOODRICH. 

President of the American Nurses' Association. 
MISS MARY F. BEARD. 

President of the National Organization of Public Health Nursing. 
MISS S. LILLIAN CLAYTON. 

President of the National League of Nursing Education. 
MISS AMY HILLIARD. 

For a number of years Inspector of Training Schools in New York State. 
MISS DORA E. THOMPSON. 

Superintendent of the Army Nurse Corps. 
MRS. LENA HIGBEE. 

Superintendent of the Navy Nurse Corps; 

and by the Red Cross Medical Advisory Committee and the 
Red Cross Committee on Co-operation. 



53 



VIII 
WORK FOR CIVILIANS 

The program of the Red Cross in relation to service to famiUes 
whose welfare is jeopardized by the enUstment of the bread-winner 
has been announced by the War Council, as follows: 

Obviously the task of providing for the financial assistance of the 
families of our soldiers and sailors is so large that the Government alone 
can assume it. In no other way can the burden be discharged fairly 
and as a matter of right rather than charity. No volimtary organiza- 
tion, or organizations, could adequately cope with a duty of such 
magnitude. 

The American people will not, of course, permit families to suffer 
want because their bread-winners are fighting for their country. 
Cases will undoubtedly arise wherein the allowance of the government 
wiU not be adequate to protect a family from financial distress. Such 
instances the Red Cross will hope to provide for through its chapters. 

The Red Cross Chapters can and will provide also the friendly 
services which may be needed and acceptable because of ill-health or 
other misfortunes or because of family conditions, which, if neglected, 
would result in need and suffering or disaster to the home. 

That this work may be done with thoroughness and vmiformity, the 
Red Cross has published The Manual of Home Service for the guidance 
of chapters. This civilian reUef work is under the direction of W. 
Frank Persons, Director General of Civilian Rehef . 



Government Aid to Dependent Families 

The Home Service of the Red Cross is, of course, supple- 
mentary to government aid. A comprehensive measure providing 
for financial allowances to the families of American soldiers and 
sailors has been passed by Congress. The law adds to the functions 
of the Bureau of War Risk Insurance the administration of family 
allowances and allotments to dependents, of compensation for 
death or disability, and of life insurance for men in the military, 
or naval service. 

59 



Home Service 

More frequent and more important than financial relief from 
the Red Cross will be the work of helping famiUes to maintain 
their standards of health, education and industry. This broader 
service is outlined, and its general technique is set forth, in the 
Manual of Home Service (A. R. C. 201), from which this summary 
is taken: 



When the soldiers and sailors return from the war, the families 
entrusted to the care of the Red Cross should be found to have main- 
tained, as far as it is humanly possible, the essential standards of home 
life. It should be the object of the Home Service Section of each 
chapter, when help is needed, to safeguard the normal development of 
these famihes in health, in education, in employment, and in ideals 
of self-help and self-rehance. 

This work for the welfare of a home will demand more than a grant 
of money or a temporary reference to a doctor, lawyer, or some other 

adviser. 

I 
Tiding over some merely temporary difficulty caused by delay in 
receiving remittances and the like will, to be sure, be an important 
part of the work of the Home Service Station. Its chief effort, how- 
ever, will be absorbed by the task of child care and of maintaining 
physical and mental health and proper working conditions for the 
families visited. 



Division Directors of Civilian Relief 

Under the general supervision of the Director-General of 
Civilian Relief, the Division Directors of Civilian Relief will 
have charge of the work of the Chapters in the field of Home 
Service. These Division Directors are experienced social workers, 
as the following list indicates: 

New England Division (Boston)— Mrs. William H. Lothrop, 
formerly General Secretary of the Associated Charities of Boston, and 
now President of the American Association for Organizing Charity. 

Atlantic Division (New York) — Alexander M. Wilson, of the 
Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and in the 
Department of PubUc Charities in New York City. 

Pennsylvania Division (Philadelphia) — J. Byron Deacon, a leader 
among social workers in Pittsburgh for the past five years; Secretary of 
the Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in Pennsylvania. 

Potomac Division (Washington) — J. W. Magruder, a prominent 
member of the National Conference of Social Work; for ten years head 
of one of the leading social agencies of Baltimore. 

Southern Division (Atlanta) — Joseph C. Logan, of Atlanta, for the 
lasl; fifteen years a prominent social worker in that city and state. 

60 



Gulf Division (New Orleans) — Emmet W. White, a Baltimore 
lawyer and member of the Maryland legislature; Chairman of the 
Civilian ReHef Committee of the Baltimore Chapter of the CiviHan 
ReUef Committee of the Baltimore Chapter of the Red Cross. 

Lake Division (Cleveland) — James L. Fieser, one of the Secretaries 
of the Chamber of Commerce, Columbus, O., and Associate Director 
of the Ohio State Institute for Public Efficiency; has been widely active 
in the Central West as an organizer of community activities. 

Centbal Division (Chicago) — T. J. Edmimds, who has been ap- 
pointed Acting Director, is from Cincinnati, where he has been a 
leader in social work. He had important assignments for the Red 
Cross in directing emergency rehef in the wake of sixty- three disasters, 
mostly cyclones, which visited the Middle West for a brief period 
beginning March 11 last. 

NoKTHERN Division (Minneapohs) — Frank J. Bruno, who has had 
wide experience in the administration of social work in New York 
City, Minneapolis and Colorado Springs, Col. 

Southwestern Division (St. Louis) — Alfred Fairbank, imtil re- 
cently Secretary of the Board of Children's Guardians, St. Louis, and 
a leader of social progress in that city and state. 

Mountain Division (Denver) — Miss Gertrude Vaile, one of the 
foremost executives in public charity work in the United States, and 
recently Superintendent of Public Charities of Denver, Col. 

Northwestern Division (Seattle) — F. P. Foisie, formerly Superin- 
tendent of the Cambridge Settlement House at Cambridge, Mass., 
recently attached to the National Headquarters of the Red Cross. 

Pacific Division (San Francisco) — C. J. O'Connor, an authority on 
civihan relief along the Mexican Border, and for three years Assistant 
Director of the Red Cross Department of Chapters. 



Training Workers in Home Service 

Home Service needs trained workers, and there is now no 
adequate supply of them. They can only be produced in sufficient 
numbers when adequate opportunity for training is afforded 
and used. Accordingly, the Red Cross is arranging for a series 
of Institutes in Home Service to be held in the fall and winter of 
1917 in each of several cities representing every section of the 
country. These Institutes will be affiliated with leading univer- 
sities and schools of philanthropy and will give a six weeks' course. 

Mr. Porter R. Lee, of the New York School of Philanthropy, 
and Dr. Thomas J. Riley, formerly director of the St. Louis 
School of Social Economy, have been appointed National Di- 
rectors of these Institutes. 

A Syllabus of Instruction (A. R. C. 205) has been written by 
Mr. Lee and approved and adopted by the Directors of Home 
Service Institutes, to whom it was presented in a conference held 
in Washington, September 4-6, 1917. It outlines the course of 

61 



instruction which will be followed in all Red Cross Institutes in 
Home Service, and will be useful also in connection with the 
courses of training to be undertaken by chapters in many cities. 
The list of Home Service Institutes as of November 1, 1917, 
is as follows: 

Atlanta — Director, Miss Edith Thompson, 705 Gould Building. 
Supervisor, Miss Helen Muse. Affiliated with the Methodist Training 
School. 

Baltimore — Director, Miss Theo Jacobs, 16 St. Paul St. Super- 
• visor, Miss Mary C. Goodwillie. In co-operation with Johns Hopkins 
University and Goucher College. 

Boston — Director, Miss Katherine McMahon, 755 Boylston Street. 
Supervisor, Mrs. Ahce Higgins Lothrop. Affiliated with the Boston 
School for Social Workers. 

Chicago — Director, Miss Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, 2559 Michi- 
gan Ave. Supervisor, Miss Elizabeth S. Dixon. AffiUated with the 
Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy. 

Cincinnati — Director, Prof. S. G. Lowrie, University of Cincinnati. 
AffiUated with University of Cincinnati. 

Cleveland — Director, Mr. James F. Jackson, 2182 East 9th Street. 
Supervisor, Miss Helen W. Hanchette. Affiliated with Western Re- 
serve University. 

Columbia, S. C. — Director, Miss Margaret Laing, 1211 Gervais 
Street. Assistant Director, Miss Helen Kohn. Affiliated with Uni- 
versity of South Carohna. 

Columbus — Director, Professor J. E. Hagerty, Ohio State Uni- 
versity. Supervisor, Mr. Stockton Raymond. AffiUated with Ohio 
State University. 

' Dallas — Director, Dr. Ivan Lee Holt, Southern Methodist Uni- 
versity. Supervisor, Miss Flora Saylor. AffiUated with Southern 
Methodist University. 

Den\"er — Director, Professor Loran D. Osborn, Mountain Division 
Office, Red Cross, 14th and Welton Streets. Supervisor, Miss Gertrude 
Vaile. Affiliated with the University of Colorado. 

Indianapolis — Director, Professor J. J. Pettijohn, 1016 Merchants 
Bank Bldg. Supervisor, Mr. Eugene Foster. Affiliated with the 
University of Indiana. 

Milwaukee — Director, Professor John L. Gillen, Madison, Wis. 
Supervisor, Miss Nell Alexander. AffiUated with the University of 
Wisconsin. 

Minneapolis and St. Paul — Director, Prof. A. J. Todd, Uni- 
versity of Minnesota. Supervisor, Minneapolis, Miss CaroUne Bed- 
ford, 25 Old Chamber of Commerce. Supervisor, St. Paul, Miss 
Kathleen E. Kunckel, 104 Wilder Building. AffiUated with the Uni- 
versity of Minnesota. 

New York City— Director, Mr. Porter R. Lee, 105 E. 22nd Street. 
Supervisors, Mrs, John M. Glenn, 30 E. 36th Street; Mrs. Janet Ander- 
son, 185 Montague Street, Brooklyn. AffiUated with the New York 
School of Philanthropy. 

New Orleans — Director, Miss Eleanor McMain, 1202 Annuncia- 
tion Street. Supervisor, Mr. JuUus Goldman. AffiUated with 
Tulane University. 

62 



Philadelphia — Director, Mr. Bernard J. Newman, 425 S. 15th 
Street. Supervisor, Miss Elizabeth Wood. Affiliated with the 
Pennsylvania School for Social Service. 

Pittsburgh — Director, Prof. Francis Tyson, University of Pitts- 
burgh. Supervisor, Miss Eleanor Hanson. Affiliated with the Uni- 
versity of Pittsburgh. 

Portland, Ore. — Director, Mr. Paul H. Douglas, Reed College. 
Supervisor, Mr. A. R. Gephart. Affiliated with Reed College. 

PouGHKEEPSiE — ^AffiHated with Vassar College. To be given in 
second semester. 

Richmond — Director, Dr. H. H. Hibbs, Jr., 1112 Capitol Street. 
Supervisor, Miss Loomis Logan. Affiliated with the Richmond School 
of Social Economy. 

St. Louis — Director, Dr. Geo. B. Mangold, 2221 Locust Street. 
Supervisor, Miss William Wilder. Affihated with the Missouri 
School of Social Economy. 

San Francisco — Director, Dr. Jessica Peixotto, University of 
California. Supervisor, Miss Lucy Stebbins. Affihated with the 
University of California. 

Seattle — Director, Prof. Wm. F, Ogburn, Universit}!' of Washing- 
ton. Supervisor, Miss Virginia McMechen. Affihated with the 
University of Washington. 

Springfield, III. — Director, Dr. J. G. Stevens, Urbana, 111 
Supervisor, Miss Margaret Bergen, Springfield, 111. Affiliated with 
the University of Illinois. 

Washington— Director, Mr. Walter S. Ufford, 923 H Street, N, W. 
Supervisor, Mrs. Walter S. Ufford. Affiliated with George Wash- 
ington University. 



Disaster Relief 

While the Department of Civilian Relief has thus been devot- 
ing itself to the problem presented by the dependent families of 
soldiers and sailors, it has continued 'its work of providing im- 
mediate relief in case of disaster. Sixty-four such cases have been 
handled thus far in 1917. 

A flood disaster in Tien-tsin, which rendered 400,000 Chinese 
destitute, made American assistance urgently necessary in 
October, 1917. At the request of the American Mmister to 
China, the American Red Cross formed a reUef prganization 
headed by Roger Green, of the Rockefeller China Medical Board, 
and provided an initial fund of $125,000 for its use. 

An earthquake, which practically destroyed the city of San 
Salvador on June 7, 1917, made necessary another important 
work of rehef . The sum of $10,000 has been cabled and building 
materials, medicines and clothing to the value of $15,000 sent. 

Other disasters which required the appropriation of money 
from funds held at the National Headquarters of the Red Cross 

63 



in addition to the relief rendered promptly by chapters, in the 
period beginning May 10th, 1917, were as follows: 

May 26, 1917. Tornado at Mattoon and Charleston, 111. Fifty- 
two killed. Appropriation $25,000. 

May 27, 1917. Tornado at Hickman, Clinton and Bardwell, Ky. 
Appropriation, $15,000. 

May 27, 1917, Tornado at Kouts and Hebron, Ind. Appropria- 
tion $4,500. 

June 2, 1917. Tornado at Colgate, Okla. Ten killed, four hundred 
families destitute. Appropriation $5,000. 

June 18, 1917. Cyclone at Salem, Mo. Property loss $18,000. 
Appropriation $850. 

June 21, 1917. Flood at Princeton, Ind. Sixty thousand acres 
of crops destroyed, 300 families destitute. Appropriation $1,000. 

June 29, 1917. Flood at Kaskaskia Island, Mo. Sixty families 
destitute. Appropriation 



A notable instance of chapter relief was that rendered by the 
St. Louis chapter after the race riots in East St. Louis on July 
4th, The chapter provided food, clothes and shelter within 
twenty-four hours for 5,000 refugees who fled across the river 
to St. Louis. 

Town and Country Nursing Service 

To encourage graduate nurses to obtain a special preparation 
for public health nursing in the small towns and rural districts, 
a scholarship fund has been raised by several Red Cross Chapters 
and individuals. Fourteen scholarships are being offered to 
qualified nurses for an eight months' course in public health 
nursing given in Boston, New York, Chicago, Cleveland, Cin- 
cinnati, Philadelphia and Richmond. The additional privilege 
has been granted of allowing recipients of a scholarship to utilize 
the Student Loan Fund of the Red Cross to an amount equal to 
the scholarship. 

Nearly 100 nurses are now at work under the Town and Coun- 
try Nursing Service in rural districts and towns under 25,000 
population. In addition to bedside nursing they devote them- 
selves to the education of the rural population in hygiene and 
sanitation. A number of the nurses give their entire time to 
educational work when employed as county or as school nurses. 
As they meet the many-sided problems of social welfare work, 
either a post-graduate course or experience in public health 
nursing is required by the Red Cross in assigning nurses to duty 
under the Town and Country Nursing Service. 

64 



IX 

WOMAN'S WORK 

Millions of women have given a share of their time, in chapter 
work-rooms and at home, to the service of both soldiers and 
civilians. No part of Red Cross work is more important than 
this. 

The function of the Red Cross administration has been to 
direct and correlate this effort which has been so generously 
offered. Standard patterns and specifications for all the more 
important articles which can be made by women workers have 
been adopted. 

After cai^ful study of the whole field of women's work in the 
Red Cross by the Woman's Bureau, circulars of information 
have been issued, giving detailed instructions for the making 
of surgical dressings in chapter work-rooms, and- for the man- 
ufacture of hospital garments, and other supplies, knit goods 
and comfort kits. 

Miss Martha Draper and Miss EHzabeth Hoyt, as special 
representatives of the Woman's Bureau, have been investigating 
conditions in France and have reported the changing and special 
needs for articles which American women can make. 

The Woman's Bureau has also selected and mobilized a 
limited number of women workers for whom there was a special 
need in foreign service. Fifty-two women were thus sent to 
France to serve in army canteens, and others are being selected. 
Fifty women, also, have enrolled for special work in connection 
with handling surgical dressings. 

The volume of work done at home and in chapter work-rooms 
by women volunteers cannot be adequately measured. It is 
suggested by the statistics of goods shipped overseas. In the 
seven months ending November 1, 1917, the Red Cross sent to 
Europe 13,336 cases, containing approximately 13,000,000 
separate articles, of surgical dressings, hospital supplies and cloth- 
ing. In addition to these, large quantities of similar supplies 
have been sent to camps and cantonments in the United States. 

65 



Major Murphy has recently cabled to the War Council: 
"In view of general conditions, please give right of way on ships 
to surgical dressings and hospital supplies." The War Council has 
promised him that 3,000,000 dressings will be shipped to France 
monthly for the next six months. 

None of the articles made by Red Cross workers are sold, 
under any circumstances. 



Surgical Dressings 

Standard and special dressings are now being made in chapter 
work-rooms. Those classified as "standard" are used constantly 
in all the military hospitals; they are the normal output of the 
work-rooms. When special dressings of any kind are needed 
overseas, the chapters are instructed by Division Headquarters 
to make them. 

Nearly all these dressings are needed for use in France. 
After being shipped there they are handled by a chain of 
warehouses and distributed by motor transports to 2,000 war 
hospitals with which the Red Cross Surgical Dressings Service 
keeps in constant touch. It is possible in this way to regulate 
the distribution of dressings according to the particular needs of 
each hospital. 

As an example of the readiaess and ability of Red Cross 
Chapters to meet the emergency call for surgical dressings it is 
worth noting that a small group of chapters recently provided 
surgical dressings for 188 battleships and destroyers. A total 
of 300,000 separate dressings was necessary and the entire 
consignment was filled and delivered to the Navy, the Navy 
stipulating that it would replace all the materials used in the 
manufacture of the dressings. 



Hospital Supplies and Refugee Clothing 

Directions for making hospital garments have been standard- 
ized and patterns are now available at all Red Cross Chapters 
and at retail dry-goods stores. Each of the large pattern com- 
panies issues official Red Cross patterns. Materials for the 
garments are specified on the patterns, and may be obtained 
from the chapters. 

Among the garments that are made for the use of patients are 

66 



pajamas, hospital bed shirts, bath robes and convalescent 
robes, in winter and summer weights; bed jackets, bed socks, 
undershirts, underdrawers, bandaged foot socks, ice-bag covers 
and hot water bag covers; for the use of doctors, there are opera- 
ting gowns, operating caps, leggings and masks. As new needs 
arise, other garments will be added to this Hst. 

The Woman's Bureau is also publishing pamphlets and stand- 
ardizing the patterns for clothing to be made for the use of 
refugees. Three circulars of instruction will be issued relating to 
clothing for infants, boys and girls, and adults, respectively. 

Knit Goods 

The urgent need for extra protection from the cold winter for 
both soldiers and destitute civilians in France, reported by Major 
Grayson M.-P. Murphy, head of the Red Cross Commission 
there, has greatly stimulated the knitting which is done under 
chapter auspices. His cable read: 

Begin shipping at once one and a half million each, knitted mufflers, 
sweaters, socks and wristlets. These are desperately needed before 
cold weather. In view of shortage of fuel and other discomforts they 
will be of incredible value in both mihtary and civiUan work. 

Last winter broke the record for cold and misery among the people 
here. They inexpressibly dread lest the coming winter find us without 
suppUes to meet the situation. I urge you on behalf of our soldiers 
and those of our aUies who wUl suffer in the frozen trenches. 

The chapters are now at work on garments for the use of 
men in training or service in this country and soldiers and refugees 
in France, as needed. More than $5,000,000 worth of yarn has 
been purchased or ordered for the Red Cross, payments being 
made out of the War Fund, and the unprecedented scarcity of 
material of appropriate quality is gradually being corrected. 

Directions for making these articles have been published by 
the Woman's Bureau in a circular of information. 

It should be understood however that any articles will be 
accepted even though they are not entirely in accord with the 
instructions, provided they are serviceable and otherwise satis- 
factory. 



Comfort Kits 

These are small bags of khaki cloth, containing in convenient 
pockets such personal accessories as soap, wash-cloths, heavy 

67 



socks, shaving articles, pipe and tobacco, khaki handkerchiefs, 
and the hke, together with writing materials and games. Each 
has an American jBag on the outside and is stoutly made for 
serviceability. 

Three types of kits are suggested by the Woman's Bureau, 
two for field use and one especially for patients in the hospitals. 
Thousands have already been made; the soldiers on the border 
last year received them, and the first detachments of the Ex- 
peditionary Force were quickly supplied before they sailed for 
France. 

The comfort kits are made at the expense of the worker and 
are filled with such articles as she wishes to include. No part of 
the cost is borne by the Red Cross. 



X 



RED CROSS INSTRUCTION 



To supplement the service of trained nurses during the war, 
it is very important that women in their own households should 
be fitted to deal competently with the nursing requirements of 
minor cases of illness, and thus reduce the demand on the depleted 
ranks of professional nurses. 

For this reason the two courses which are given by the Red 
Cross Nursing Service, one on Elementary Hygiene and Home 
Care of the Sick, the other on Home Dietetics, have no small 
bearing on medical preparedness. 

These courses, of fifteen lectures each, have been given during 
the past year at 307 points in the United States, with 3 to 250 
classes at each. Twenty Chapters maintain ''teaching centers" 
with paid, full-time supervisors. Text-books are published by 
the Bureau of Instruction, and qualified, enrolled nurses and 
dietitians are assigned as instructors in every case. Over 34,000 
women have completed the course in home care of the sick and 
are therefore prepared to provide for their own families a part 
of the service that a trained nurse would render. 



First Aid 

Seventy-five thousand certificates of proficiency in first aid 
have been issued by the American Red Cross during the past year, 
through its First Aid Division. Ten thousand classes have been 
organized, and by appointment of the Division more than 7,500 
physicians throughout the country have served as instructors 
and examiners for these classes. 

Classes have been organized in practically every state, in the 
rural districts as well as in cities, in factory communities, in 

69 



mining and logging camps, in hundreds of remote places where the 
danger of accident is always present. 

In addition to its work through local instructors, the Red 
Cross is carrying its message of first aid and accident prevention 
to industrial communities through field representatives and by 
means of the First Aid Car. Special instruction has been given 
to lumbermen in the Northwest and to men in the marble and 
granite quarries of the New England states. An American Red 
Cross Life Saving Corps, with a membership of 1,868, has been 
organized with stations along all the coasts of the United States. 

The First Aid Division has a staff of experienced and trained 
physicians prepared to dehver illustrated lectures on First Aid 
in shock, sanitation, personal hygiene and accident prevention. 



Sanitary Training Detachments 

Sanitary Training Detachments are organized primarily for 
the purpose of instructing men so that they may be able to serve 
efficiently in the Sanitary Service of the Army and Navy. These 
groups, a number of which have already been formed, are organ- 
ized on a military basis and their members are drilled in accord- 
ance with the U. S. Army regulations for Sanitary troops, in 
addition to receiving thorough instruction in First Aid. Men 
who have served in these detachments are therefore especially 
fitted to enlist in the Enlisted Reserve Corps, from which the 
enlisted personnel of the base hospital units and other detach- 
ments of the Medical Corps is drawn. 

Those who join Red Cross Sanitary Training detachments 
are required to enroll in the Red Cross service for a period of two 
years; they are requested to signify their willingness to enlist in 
the medical service of the Army or Navy, but are not required 
to obhgate themselves to do so. A number of men from the 
Sanitary Training detachments have already enlisted in the Med- 
ical Corps. 

A detachment consists of three officers (a Commandant, an 
Assistant Commandant — both physicians in good standing — and 
a Quartermaster), 1 Pharmacist, 5 Section Chiefs, 4 Mechanics, 
4 Carpenters, 2 Cooks, 2 Clerks, and 40 Privates. 



70 



XI 

APPROPRIATIONS 

For Work in the United States 

In accordance with the terms of its federal charter, the Red 
Cross reports annually to the Secretary of War and its accounts 
are audited by the War Department. 

Appropriations for general administration in the United 
States are made from the General Fund, derived from member- 
ship fees and miscellaneous sources. 

The appropriations made by the War Council, from the War 
Fund, from May 10, 1917, to October 31, 1917, for work in the 
United States, are as follows: 



HOSPITALS, ETC. 

Alteration of Red Cross General Hospital No. 1, Phila- 
delphia $12,500. 

Maintenance of Red Cross General Hospital No. 1 , Phila- 
delphia 20,000. 

PxKchase of special equipment for Navy Base Hospitals 32,000. 

Hospital funds for 40 hospitals at cantonments and camps 20,000. 

Purchase and outfitting of four mobile laboratory cars 52,000. 

Convalescent houses at Fort Oglethorpe and Fort Mc- 

Pherson, Ga. * 12,000. 

Six emergency stations for medical assistance to canton- 
ments 250,000. 

TravelUng expenses of Medical Advisory Committee 6,000. 

Equipment, including imiforms, for Army and Navy 

Nurses . 100,000. 



$503,500. 



SANITARY SERVICE. 



Development of Bureau of Sanitary Service $10,000. 

Sanitary imits for service in the vicinity of 17 camps and 

cantonments 173,500. 

71 



Divided as follows: 



1 


Columbia, S. C. 


$10,000 


2 


Little Rock, Ark. 


7,150 


3 


Louisville, Ky. 


7,700 


4 


Des Moines, Iowa 


7,150 


5 


Fort Leavenworth, Kan. 


13,000 


6 


Hattiesburg, Miss. 


5,000 


7 


Petersburg, Va. 


6,000 


8 


Anniston, Ala. 


10,000 


9 


Newport News, Va. 


21,000 


10 


Ayer, Mass. 


5,000 


11 


Atlanta, Ga. 


14,000 


12 


ChUlicothe, Ohio 


10,000 


13 


Greenville, S. C. 


9,000 


14 


Macon, Ga. 


10,000 


15 


Manhattan, Kan. 


9,000 


16 


Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. 


10,000 


17 


Spartanburg, S. C. 


7,000 


18 


American Lake, Wash. 


1,500 


19 


Montgomery, Ala. 


5,000 


20 


Charlotte, N. C. 


6,000 



Expenses of survey to determine the need of isolation 
hospitals at cantonments 



$1,000. 
$184,500. 



CAMP SERVICE, ETC. 

Bathing pool. Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. 

Construction and maintenance of a soldiers' clubhouse at 

Chillicothe, Ohio 
Stocking warehouses at encampments, and expenses of 

field directors. Bureau of Camp Seivice 
Contribution to Training Camp Activities Commission 
Purchase of sweaters 
Purchase of blankets 
Purchase of comforters 



$5,715. 

30,000. 

711,000. 
200,000. 
639,500. 
805,014. 
137,500. 



$2,528,729. 



MISCELI-ANEOUS. 

Alterations and increased storage space, New York ware- 
house 

Funeral expenses of Miss L. D. Schrope, a Red Cross 
nurse, who died of tuberculosis contracted in service 

Traveling expenses of speakers for Speakers' Bureau 

Materials for use in membership campaign 



$31,357. 

130.60 
12,000. 
50,000. 
$93,487.60 



Appropriations for work in the United States 

72 



$3,310,216.60 



In addition to the above appropriation for specific relief 
work, the War Council has advanced the following sums for the 
purchase of materials which are necessary in the work of the 
chapters. Since these goods are all sold to the chapters approxi- 
mately at cost, the moneys thus advanced will eventually be 
repaid into the War Fund and can then be appropriated for such 
purposes as the War Council finds advisable: 

ADVANCES, TO BE REPAID. 

Purchase of knitting yarn for resale to chapters Sl,900,000. 

Purchase of materials and supplies for resale to chapters 500,000. 
Purchase of knitting yarn, flannel for hospital garments, 

and khaki for comfort kits, for resale to chapters 1,500,000, 

Purchase of handkerchiefs, envelopes, pads of paper, and 

combination games for comfort kits and Christmas 

packages, for resale to chapters 226,800. 

Purchase of flannel, muslin, tarcovat blanketing and 

knitting yarn, for resale to chapters 3,457,200. 

Purchase of Red Cross buttons and pins, for resale to 

chapters 75,000. 



S7,659,000. 
Total appropriations for werk in the United States $10,969,216.60 



73 



Part Two 

The Work in Europe 

The purposes of overseas appropriations from the War 
Fund may be broadly given as follows: 

(1) To do everything possible to assist our army and navy in insur- 
ing the health and comfort of American soldiers and sailors abroad, and 

(2) To relieve suffering among the armies and destitution among the 
needy civilian populations of our allies. 

The following pages will give particulars of work already done 
and some of the plans for the future. 

To Learn the Needs of Our Allies 

By reason of the unique conditions surrounding American 
Red Cross effort in this war, so far from home, and of the impor- 
tance of all Red Cross work being conducted efficiently, economic- 
ally and with the best American spirit, the War Council has sent 
to Europe five separate commissions, each composed of repre- 
sentative Americans skilled in business administration, in medical 
and surgical work, and in other lines of Red Cross effort. 

On account of the crucial importance of the work in France, 
a Red Cross Commission to France was dispatched just as soon 
as it could be organized after the appointment of the War Council. 
That commission, which has general supervision over the Amer- 
ican Red Cross work in Europe, is headed by Major Grayson 
M.-P. Murphy, himself a member of the War Council, and is 
composed of sixteen leading experts in special lines of work. 

Commissions have also been sent to Russia, Roumania, Serbia 
and Italy. A Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner for 
England have been appointed, and a special department for 
Belgium has been created under the direction of the Commission 
to France. 

74 



FRANCE 

The personnel of the Red Cross Commission in France is as 
follows: 

Major Grayson M.-P. Murphy, 

head of Red Cross Commission to France and Red Cross Com- 
missioner to Europe. Senior Vice-President of the Guaranty 
Trust Co., New York. 

James H. Perkins, 

Vice-President of National City Bank, New York. Authority 
on industrial organization. Commissioner for France. 

DEPUTY COMMISSIONERS. 

H. O. BEATTY, of California. 

Former director of War Relief Clearing House. Director-General for France and 

Belgium. 
CARL TAYLOR, of New York. 

Of Byrne, Cutcheon & Taylor. 
GEORGE B. FORD, of New York, 

Expert in town planning. 
ERNEST McCULLOUGH, of Boston. 

Of Stone & Webster; an engineer. 
ERNEST P. BICKNELL. 

Former Director General of Civilian Relief, American Red Cross. In charge of 

the Department for Belgium. 
ALEXANDER LAMBERT, of New York. 

Professor of Clinical Medicine at Cornell University Medical College. Investi- 
gating tuberculosis and medical needs of France. Chief Surgeon. 
RALPH PRESTON, of New York. 

Former director of War Relief Clearing House. 
HOMER FOLKS, of New York. 

Expert in public relief work and care of destitute and delinquent children. Di- 
• rector of the Department of Civil Affairs. 
EDWARD EYRE HUNT. 

Formerly in charge of work in Antwerp for Commission for Relief in Belgium. 

Later director of Red Cross Bureau of Publications. In charge of the Bureau 

of Relief and Economic Rehabilitation in Liberated Areas. 
AMASA MATHER, of Cleveland, O. 
DR. EDWARD T. DEVINE, of New York. 

Director of the School of Philanthropy. In charge of the Bureau of Refugees and 

Home Relief. 
JOSEPH R. SWAN, of New York. 

Of Kean, Taylor & Co. , bankers. 
BERNON PRENTICE, of New York. 

Of Dominick and Dominick. Formerly associated with Herbert C. Hoover, 



ATTACHED TO MAJOR MUEPHY's STAFF. 

A. W. COPP. 

West Point graduate and veteran of Philippine campaign. In charge of U. S. 
Army Red Cross work. 

75 



Infant Welfare Unit. 

As at first constituted the Infant Welfare Unit consisted of 
the following persons: 

DR. WILLIAM PALMER LUCAS. 

Professor of Pediatrics in the University of California, Director. 
DR. J. MORRIS SLEMMONS. 

Of ttie Yale Medical School, an obstetrical authority. 
DR. JULIUS PARKER SEDGWICK. 

Professor of Pediatrics in the University of Minnesota. 
DR. JOHN C. BALDWIN. 

Specialist in diseases of children. 
DR. J. ISAAC DURAND, DR. CLAIN F. GELSTON. 

Assistants to Dr. Lucas at the University of California. 
DR. N. O. PEARCE, MRS. WILLIAM P. LUCAS, MRS. J. MORRIS SLEM- 
MONS, MISS ELIZABETH SLEMMONS, MISS ELIZABETH ASHE, MISS 

ROSAMUND GILDER. 

These women are specialists in child welfare work. 

At the urgent request of Major Murphy, other doctors and 
nurses have been sent to reinforce this unit, as follows: 

DR. CHARLES ULYSSES MOORE, of Portland, Oregon. 

Specialist in children's diseases, with a group of sixteen nurses who have had 
special training in the treatment of children's diseases and in social welfare work. 

DR. J. H. MASON KNOX, Jr., of Baltimore. 

DR. JOHN B. MANNING, of Seattle. 

DR. FLORENCE CHAPMAN CHILD, of Philadelphia. 

DR. EDMUND J. LABBE, of Portland. Ore. 

Professor of Pediatrics at the Universty of Oregon. 

DR. ETHEL LYON HEARD, of Galveston, Texas. 

DR. HELEN H. WOODROFFE, of Ocean Park, Cal. 

DR. DOROTHY CHILD, of Philadelphia. 

DR. O. H. SELLENINGS, of Columbus, O. 

DR. HUGH HEATON, of Melstone, Mont. , and fourteen additional Red Cross nurses. 



Commission for the 
Prevention of Tuberculosis. 

(Conducted co-operatively by the Rockefeller Foundation and 
American Red Cross.) 

"DR. LIVINGSTON FARRAND, Chairman. 

President of University of Colorado. 
HOMER FOLKS, of New York. 

Formerly Commissioner of Charities of New York City. 
SELSKAR M. GUNN, of Boston. 



Medical Advisory Committee 

A military medical advisory committee has been appointed 
by Major Murphy. Heading the committee is Dr. Joseph A. 
Blake, with whom are associated: 

76 



COL. WINTERS. COL. IRELAND. 
Of General Pershing's staff. 

DR. LIVINGSTON FARRAND. 

A member of the Rockefeller Foundation and President of the Uhivei-sity of 
Colorado. 

DR. ALEXANDER LAMBERT. 

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Cornell Medical School. 

DR. JOHN M. FINNEY. 

Professor of Clinical Sm-gery at Johns Hopkins University. 

DR. RICHARD P. STRONG, DR. W. B. CANNON. 
Professors at Harvard University. 

MAJOR GEORGE W. CRILE. 

Head of the Cleveland Base Hospital Unit, and discoverer of a method of eliminat- 
ing surgical shock which is reducing Inortality . 

DR. GEORGE E., BREWER. 

Of the Columbia-Presbyterian Base Hospital Unit of New York. 

DR. KENNETH TAYLOR. 

Of St. Paul, Minn., and associated with Dr. Blake. 

DR. HUGH H. YOUNG. 

Professor at Johns Hopkins University. 

DR. FRED T. MURPHY, 

Professor of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. 

DR. JAMES ALEXANDER MILLER, DR. WILLIAM P. LUCAS, DR. WILLIAM 
CHARLES WHITE compose a medical advisory committee for the Department 
of Civil Affairs. 



General Advisory Committee, 
william g. sharp, 

American Ambassador to France. 

JAMES STILLMAN, 

Chairman of Board of Directors, National City Bank of New York City. 

EDWARD TUCK, of France. 



Woman's War Relief Corps 

The Woman's War Relief Corps has been formed in France 
under Red Cross direction for the purpose of bringing together 
for effective work the American women in France who have been 
or are now engaged in war reUef or who wish to undertake it. 
The Corps registers at its headquarters nurses, canteen workers 
or other rehef workers or recruits for such service, and will indi- 
cate to them where they will be of most value. It will supply 
the Red Cross with such additional women workers, recruited 
in France, as it may need to supplement its regular staff. Among 
the activities into which the Corps will enter are canteens, diet 
kitchens, nursing, propaganda, refugee relief and other forms of 
social service. 

Membership is open to all American women in France or 
American wives of the subjects of Allied nations. 

The General Director of the Woman's War Relief Corps is 
Mrs. William G. Sharp, wife of the American Ambassador. Mrs. 
R. W. Bliss, Mrs. Edward Tuck, and Mr. Ralph Preston are the 
Executive Committee. Mrs. George B, Ford is Recording Secre- 

77 



taiy and Mrs. Charles Scott, Treasurer, 
includes the following: 



The Board of Directors 



MRS. EDITH WHARTON 
MRS. HILL 
MRS. CARTER 
MRS. LATHROP 
MRS. GEORGE MUNRO 
MARQUISE D'ANDIGNE 
MRS. COOLIDGE 
MRS. AUSTIN 
MRS. SAYLES 



MRS. SHURTLEFF 

MRS. ALEXANDER LAMBERT 

MRS. BRADLEY 

MISS RUSSELL 

MRS. HUBBARD 

MRS. W. K. VANDERBILT 

MISS CLEVELAND 

MRS. BARCLAY PARSONS 



The Woman's Bureau at Red Cross Headquarters in Wash- 
ington and the Woman's War Rehef Corps in Paris co-operate 
fully.- 

Nursing Service 

Miss Martha Montague Russell, of Pittsfield, Mass., for 
twelve years superintendent of the Sloane Hospital, New York, 
has been appointed official representative of the American Red 
Cross Nursing Service in France. In addition to advising Major 
Murphy and his associates on problems relating to this service, 
she will represent at Paris headquarters the many American 
nurses now serving in France under the Red Cross. Since her 
arrival abroad Miss Russell has been active in organizing a system 
of enrollment for American nurses in Europe not affiUated with 
the Red Cross. 

Many other men and women, a large number of whom are 
volunteers, are now working for the American Red Cross in 
France. No attempt will be made to give a complete list of 
personnel in this statement. 

The Organization in France 

The headquarters of American Red Cross work in Europe is, 
of course, in France. The personnel of the Commission, as above 
noted, shows the character and skill which have been enlisted 
in meeting the Red Cross problems in Europe. 

In spite of the very brief period of its stay in Paris the Red 
Cross Commission to France has already worked out a well 
ordered organization. It has perfected a complete understanding 
with French authorities, and Major Murphy has been made a 
member of General Pershing's staff, thus co-ordinating all 
American Red Cross effort with that of our Army in France. 

Of the staff of 864 persons handUng the work of the Red Cross 
Commission in France, 517 are serving without salary or living 



78 



allowance from the Red Cross. Among these volunteers are 
prominent American business men, technical experts and women 
experienced in the handling of relief supplies. Owing to the large 
number who have responded to the Red Cross call for volunteers 
it has been possible to organize the present efficient staff in Paris 
at an average cost to the Red Cross of only about $300 a year for 
each worker. 

There are 347 employes on the Red Cross pay-roll, including 
95 day laborers used in handhng supplies and in construction. 
The average wage paid to these 347 persons is $800 a year. Major 
Grayson M.-P. Murphy cables further that he is "carefully 
studying pay-rolls with a view to further reduction." 

The remaining 517 workers are either serving without com- 
pensation and at their own expense, or are paid by their former 
employers, who have lent them to the Red Cross for war serv- 
ice, or are paid from private subscriptions. 

The expenses of the Infant Welfare Unit, for instance, are 
partly met by a special gift made for this express purpose by 
Mrs. William Lowell Putnam, of Boston. Major Murphy also 
obtained by private subscription, before he sailed for France, a 
fund of $100,000, which is applied toward the expenses of the 
Commission. 

The headquarters of the American Red Cross in Paris are in an 
ample building on the Place de la Concorde provided for the use 
of the Commission rent free for the current year by Ralph 
Preston, as a contribution to the Red Cross. 

"Of our 347 employes paid from the Red Cross fund," Major 
Murphy reports, "262 receive annual compensation of less than 
$1,200 per year. Fifty employes receive compensation of $1,200 
and $2,100 annually. Fifteen employes receive from the Red 
Cross annual compensation in excess of $2,100 per annum." 



GENERAL POLICIES 

The general lines of activity undertaken in France by the 
American Red Cross have been determined after a careful survey 
of the situation by the Red Cross Commission. These purposes 
may be outlined as follows: 

1. To establish and maintain canteens, rest houses, hospital recrea- 
tion huts and other means of supplying the American soldiers with 
such comforts as the Army authorities may approve; 

79 



2. To establish and maintain in France canteens, rest houses, and 
other means of supplying comforts for the soldiers in the armies of our 
allies; 

3. To distribute supplementary hospital equipment and supplies of 
all kinds to military hospitals for soldiers of the American or allied 
armies; 

4. *To establish and maintain emergency hospitals whenever the need 
arises. 

5. To engage in civilian relief, including: 

(a) The care and education of destitute children; 

(b) Care of mutilated soldiers; 

(c) Care of sicK and disabled soldiers; 

(d) Rehef work in the devastated areas of France and Belgium, such 
as furnishing to the inhabitants of these districts agricultural 
implements, household goods, foods, clothing and such tem- 
porary shelter as will enable them to return to their homes; 

(e) Providing relief for and guarding against the increase of 
tuberculosis. 

6. To furnish relief for soldiers and civilians held as prisoners by the 
enemy, and to give assistance to such civilians as are returned to France 
from time to time from the parts of Belgium and of France held by the 
enemy; 

7. To supply financial assistance to committees, societies or in- 
dividuals allied with the American Red Cross and carrying on relief 
work in Europe. 



The Needs of France 

France has suffered beyond description . It will not be possible 
for the full force of American military effort to be felt in France 
for some time. To assist the French people in their very present 
distress is, therefore, not only an undertaking of the greatest 
mercy, but is also the most effective work which can be done by 
the American people to strengthen the courage and keep vigorous 
the morale of both the French Army and the French people in 
this critical period. 

Every particle of strength and confidence which America can 
give to the French people while they wait for the coming of the 
American forces is a real contribution not only toward relief but 
toward shortening the war. If the matter be put on no other 
than a purely practical basis all the assistance we can render 
to France right now, either in caring for her sick and wounded or 
relieving her destitute people, is a means of reducing the number 
of Americans who may be killed or wounded in France. 

Our Army is not in France in full force yet, but the Red Cross 
is there, and it is the purpose of the Red Cross to see to it that 
both the French Army and the French people understand that 
the heart of the American people is behind them, and that the 

80 



impulses of that heart are expressed now in works of real mercy 
and assistance. 



Striking Details of the Work in France 

The Red Cross Commission in France has made the following 
summary of its work to date. Further details of these activities 
will be found in the succeeding pages. The summary: 



Military Relief 

We have just completed a gift of 5,000,000 francs to needy sick 
and wounded French soldiers and needy families of soldiers. 

We have under our supervision four large military hospitals 
and are preparing to establish another. , 

We have established twenty dispensaries in the American 
Army zone to care for the resident civilians and to improve health 
conditions in that section before the coming of our troops. 

We are providing a dental ambulance at a port in France for 
the use of our soldiers and sailors, and have organized a nurses' 
service for American Army use. 

Our hospital distributing service sends supplies to 3,423 
French military hospitals and is laying in a large stock for future 
needs; our surgical dressings service supplies 2,000 French 
hospitals and is preparing immense supplies for our own army. 

We are operating at the front line in co-operation with the 
French Red Cross ten canteens, and are preparing to establish 
twenty more. 

We are operating six canteens for use of French soldiers at 
important railway centers where we serve about 30,000 soldiers a 
day, and are planning many more. 

* * * 

In Paris, canteens operated by us, with the French, are serv- 
ing enormous numbers of soldiers as they come and go. 

We soon expect to have ready twelve rest stations for our own 
troops at important railway centers, also recuperation camps at 
suitable places for many of our soldiers. 

We are providing an artificial limb factory near Paris and 
special plants for the manufacture of splints and nitrous oxide gas. 

We have contracted for a movable hospital in four units 
accommodating 1,000 men. 

81 



Recreation in connection with hospitals, and diet kitchens. 
A casualty service for gathering information in regard to 
wounded and missing, and a medical research bureau. 

Civilian Relief 

Our work with the civil population covers mainly children, 
refugees and the tuberculous. 

We have opened a children's refuge and hospital at a point in 
the war zone where several hundred children have been gathered 
to keep them away from danger of gas and shell fire. 

At another point among the wrecked villages we have estab- 
lished a medical center and a travelling dispensary to accommo- 
date 1,200 children. 

We have undertaken extensive medical work for the repatrie 
children at Evian, about 500 of whom are daily returned from 
points within the German lines. 

« « • 

We have also opened a hospital and convalescents' home for 
these children at Evian, where we are also operating an ambu- 
lance service for the returning repatries, who are now coming in 
at the rate of 1,000 a day. 

We are about to establish infant welfare stations in connection 
with each dispensary in the nation-wide system planned by the 
Rockefeller Foundation. 

We have taken over and are carrying on and developing an 
extensive tuberculosis work formerly in charge of Mrs. Edith 
Wharton and other Americans. 

We are completing for the French an unfinished tuberculosis 
sanatorium near Paris, and are adding to the barracks for tubercu- 
losis patients erected by the city of Paris; this means adding 
1,000 beds to those now available near Paris for tuberculosis 
patients. 

« • « 

We are organizing a comprehensive health center in one of the 
departments of France. 

We are making arrangements on a large scale to help refugee 
families through the winter with clothing, beds and shelter, and 
for this work the entire devastated district of France has been 
divided into six districts with a resident Red Cross delegate in 
each, and warehouses have been established at four points to 
which are shipped food, clothing, bedding, beds, household uten- 
sils and agricultural implements. 

82 



We are carrying on repair work in four villages in the devas- 
tated region to enable returned families to stay throughout the 
winter. 

We are co-operating with French agencies in various kinds of 
relief work in the principal agricultural centers in the devastated 
region, and are supplying portable houses for the use of families 
which have returned to this region. 

* * * 

We are providing barracks to assist in the work of training 
disabled soldiers, and we expect to establish for them experi- 
mental agricultural stations. 

We are organizing extensive work for relief of Belgians, both 
children and grown people, and in this connection, we are estab- 
lishing warehouses near the Belgian front in order that we may 
be ready to assist the Belgians who may be liberated by a change 
in the fighting line. 

We are aiding the Queen of Belgium in her work for the chil- 
dren, and we are assisting in the support of hospitals and other 
works for relief of Belgian soldiers. 

In addition we are bringing a certain number of children from 
occupied Belgium into France where they may be cared for. 

Transportation 

To enable us to carry on our work we have established large 
control warehouses in Paris, and distribution warehouses at 
important points from the sea to the Swiss border. In these 
warehouses will be stored hospital supplies, food, soldiers' com- 
forts, tobacco, blankets and household goods, kitchen utensils, 
clothing, beds and other articles for reUef . 

Two hundred tons of supplies are arriving in Paris daily, and 
125 tons are being reshipped to various branch warehouses. 
# » * 

Our total warehouse capacity is 100,000 tons, and the ware- 
house personnel at present numbers 125 men, many of whom are 
volunteers — American men of education and business training 
not ehgible for military service. 

Our transportation department with a personnel of about 400 
handles our supplies and furnishes automobiles for use in our 
work. It has an organized force at every port in France, and is 
able to handle about 350 tons of supplies daily. 



83 



We use 400 motor car vehicles, 250 of which are trucks of 
various sizes. 

In addition, we are preparing to operate a motor bus Hne 
through Switzerland from the German to the French border to 
aid in transportation of repatries and exchanged prisoners. 

We operate seven garages and make all repairs on our own 
cars. 

Our transportation work is directed by men experienced in 
transportation work in America. 



Estimates of Expenditures to be Made 

The Commission in France has already submitted to the War 
Council a preliminary estimate of the amount which will be 
necessary to carry on the work now under way in France. De- 
tailed budgets will follow. This statement suggests how im- 
portant it is that adequate resources be accumulated and main- 
tained in the United States, so that there may be no curtailment 
of the work of relief in France. 

The message in part follows: 

Our Departments have nearly completed their budgets for six^ 
months' period ending April 30th. As far as we can see now, if all the 
various lines of work now contemplated are to be actively carried on, 
the budgets v/ill call for an aggregate expenditure of at least $30,000,000 
over the six months' period. This svun, added to appropriations 
already granted, wUl amount to about $40,000,000, or about four- 
fifths of the amount which we have understood is available for work in 
France from the War fund raised last summer. 

We do not know to what extent, if at all, we are justified in pro- 
ceeding on the theory that additional funds will be available, and 
consequently it is difficult to determine what we ought to count on 
spending during the next six months. We believe we could expend 
$30,000,000 and more in Red Cross work in France and Belgium with 
the armies and civUian population with most excellent results, and in 
many respects the coming winter will be a most crucial time. 

We must, however, at all hazards, reserve sufficient funds to meet 
all demands which may be made upon us by our Army diuring the 
comiag year and to enable us also to deal satisfactorily with the problem 
of emergency reUef which will almost certainly result from radical 
changes in the line in northern France and Belgium. If we can safely 
count on spending here approximately $50,000,000 only, it would be 
folly for us to proceed with the different branches of our work at a 
rate which will practically exhaust that sum by next summer. In this 
case it would be necessary tor us to curtail in a most radical way the 
plans now in prospect for useful work with the civilian population, 
including work for the care and prevention of tuberculosis, relief of 
refugees and children, the active prosecution of which is greatly de- 
sired by the French authorities . 

84 



Work done with civil population may have a more important bearing 
on the military situation even than work done with the forces, for men 
in the field will be able to carry out their work better with the knowledge 
that those left at home are being taken care of. 

We cannot state too strongly the critical situation that will arise 
during the coming winter and the necessity of action in every hne 
and in every field which will conduce to the firm establishment of the 
morale of the people and armies. The amount of work that can be 
done in this direction will be limited solely by the resources at om' com- 
mand, both money and material. 



Red Cross Transportation Service 

Fundamental to all Red Cross and all other American activi- 
ties in France, and indeed in all Europe, is the problem of trans- 
portation. Materials must be gotten across the Atlantic, they 
must reach the place in the interior where they are needed. 

A Red Cross transportation service has accordingly been 
established to handle the vast quantities of medical and relief 
suppHes now being shipped almost daily to France, Belgium, 
Serbia, Russia and other belligerent countries. 

This new branch of Red Cross activities was made possible 
through the co-operation of the French, British and Italian gov- 
ernments, the United States Shipping Board and the leading 
steamship and railroad companies. President Wilson has taken 
a personal interest in the establishment of this service. His aid 
and that of Chairman Edward N. Hurley, of the Shipping Board, 
formerly a member of the Red Cross War Council, have been 
invaluable to its success. 

Practically all the cargo space needed for the shipment of 
essential Red Cross supplies abroad has now been placed at the 
disposal of the War Council. Much of it has been given free 
by the steamship companies and the allied governments. This 
will be used only for supplies most urgently needed. 

The Red Cross will have cargo space on every steamer char- 
tered by the United States Shipping Board. Army transports 
also will carry Red Cross supplies. Practically every line has 
made reductions in its passenger rates for Red Cross nurses and 
representatives traveling in Europe. 

In making its ocean shipping arrangements it will be the policy 
of the Red Cross to distribute shipments among as many steamers 
as possible. By using all available lines, losses at sea, if sus- 
tained, will not seriously interrupt the Red Cross work of mercy o 



85 



Motor Transport Service 

Materials can be conveyed across the Atlantic in transports, 
but upon arrival at the French port the vitally necessary step 
is to get them where they are needed in the quickest possible 
time. 

The French railroads are overtaxed, and their facilities must 
be available for the military needs of the Army. The Red Cross 
is accordingly developing its own motor transport service. This 
has called for an original investment of considerable size, but 
it was fundamentally necessary and will make it possible for 
Red Cross service to be flexible and elastic to a high degree. 

The transportation department has now a personnel of about 
400, and uses 250 trucks and 150 other motor vehicles. It is 
able to handle about 350 tons of supplies daily. 



MILITARY RELIEF 
Work for the American Army 

Speaking broadly, the first and supreme object of American 
Red Cross care is our own Army and Navy. Nothing that we 
can do to co-operate with the Army and Navy will be left un- 
done". The safety, the health, the comfort of our men who are 
fighting the country's battles three thousand miles from home 
will at all times be the prime objects of our attention. 

The American Army in France is received in large reception 
camps on the coast, and after several weeks of preliminary train- 
ing the men are sent across the country to permanent training 
camps back of the firing lines. 

Along the route followed by the troops the Red Cross is 
establishing infirmaries and rest stations, each in charge of an 
American trained nurse with an American man to assist her. 
Each infirmary contains ten beds, a stock of drugs and other 
necessities. The seriously sick are cared for at French hos- 
pitals in the neighborhood. Daily calls are made upon the 
American sick in the hospitals by the nurse and attendant, who 
take with them reading matter, tobacco, and other comforts. A 
dental ambulance is being provided at a port in France for the i 
use of American soldiers and sailors. | 

86 

i 



Dispensaries have been established in the American Army 
zone to care for civilians and to improve health conditions in 
the vicinity of the American camps. 

When our men reach their French base the Red Cross will 
continue to act as a friendly agency as opportunity may offer 
to supplement what the Army itself does to make the men com- 
fortable. Recuperation camps will be opened at suitable places, 
and recreation huts are being provided for the sick and con- 
valescent. 



Relieving the "Antilles" Survivors 

After the sinking of the transport "Antilles," the first naval 
disaster suffered by the United States since its entry into the 
war, the Red Cross was able to extend immediate assistance to 
the survivors who were landed at a port in France. 

Those who escaped Irrom the sinking ship were compelled 
to take to the boats and life rafts with such speed that many 
were in their night clothes or only thinly clad. They could take 
nothing whatever of their personal belongings save what they 
stood in. 

As soon as news of their arrival was received in Paris a repre- 
sentative of the Red Cross, provided with ample funds, was dis- 
patched to the port. He was met there by the commanding 
officer of the American Forces at the port and also by the Amer- 
ican Consul, and aided them in placing the survivors in hos- 
pitals and hotels. 

In order that the members of the crew of the transport, who 
were in Government employ, might receive without delay the 
pay due them, an amount sufficient for a week's wage for all 
of them was at once advanced by the Red Cross representative. 
Furthermore, the Red Cross representative was able to attend 
immediately to the matter of communicating to the families 
of the survivors in America the fact that they were safe and 
well, for it had not been possible for any of these men to send 
such messages home. 

In addition to aiding these men, the Red Cross was able to 
give funds and clothing to a number of Junior Army officers who 
were homeward bound on the transport and had been unable to 
save anything in the hasty abandonment of the sinking vessel. 
For those of the Army officers who could not receive donations, 
the Red Cross representative cashed personal checks. 

87 



Great care was given to visiting the wounded in the hospitals 
to make sure that they were receiving the best treatment and 
attention from the moment of their arrival in the port. 

It is now intended that a Red Cross office shall be established 
at this port at once to insure even more prompt action in any 
emergencies which may arise in future. Plans have been made 
to ship there a sufficient stock of clothing, shoes, underwear and 
the like to be stored on convoys for any eventuality. 



Comforts for the Soldiers 

Canteens are being established by the Red Cross at railway 
stations where American soldiers on reserve duty or on leave, and 
those returning to or from duty, may find rest and refreshment. 
Baths, food, and other^omforts will be made available at these 
canteens. 

Nearly four milHon cigarettes, 20,000 packages of smoking 
tobacco and 10,000 cuts of chewing tobacco have already been 
sent to France for the use of our men. 

When American troops start for France, the men are given 
comfort kits. Each kit contains heavy socks, handkerchiefs, 
wash-cloth and soap, pencil and writing-paper, a pipe and "the 
makings," playing cards, a mouth-organ or game, buttons, pin 
and other small articles. 

Christmas parcels will be sent over for all enlisted men in 
foreign service, in addition to the provision which the Red Cross 
is making for the Christmas cheer of men in camp in America. 
The Red Cross expects to see to it that no American soldier or 
sailor is forgotten at Christmas time. An appropriation has 
been made for the purchase, in France (to save cargo space) 
of similar articles to be given to French soldiers at Christmas. 



A Shipment of Tobacco 

In August the Red Cross received the following cablegram 
from its Commission to France: 

Please arrange to ship ten tons tobacco earliest date; 60 per cent, 
cigarette mixture; 20 per cent, pipe tobacco; 20 per cent, chewing 
tobacco. For use of troops. No sxiitable tobacco obtainable here. 
Supply American tobacco exhausted. Y. M. C. A. shipment lost. 
Prompt shipment important. 

88 



The War Council, therefore, availed itself of a very generous 
offer of the Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. and the P. Lorillard 
Co. to donate for the use of American troops abroad 3,000,000 
cigarettes, 20,000 packages of smoking tobacco and 10,000 ten- 
cent cuts of chewing tobacco. 

A large consignment of tobacco was accordingly forwarded 
immediately. The French Government having arranged to 
admit free of duty all articles consigned to American troops, 
chocolate, tobacco, cigarettes, games, playing cards and other 
''comforts" are permitted free entry. 



Railway Canteens for the Troops 

When French Army officers were asked what the American 
Red Cross could best do to hearten the French Army and to give 
the French soldiers a concrete token of American co-operation, 
they said: "Give us canteens and rest stations." 

The Red Cross is accordingly establishing canteens at eleven 
important railway stations in France for the special use of sol- 
diers on leave, who are constantly passing on their way to and 
from the front. The need for such service and the general plan 
were thus outlined by Major Murphy: 

Great assistance can be given the French Army by co-operating in 
the organization of canteens, resting and sleeping quarters for men 
passing to and from the front. At points where trains must be changed, 
ordinary station facihties are absolutely inadequate. Men returning 
tired and dirty from the trenches wait many long hours, often over 
night, for train connections, and sleep on exposed platforms and in all 
available corners. 

Buffets are wanted beyond any possible capacity. These men, 
averaging several thousand daily at each station, should be provided 
with proper hot food at low prices, proper sleeping and reading rooms, 
and facilities for washing and disinfection from disease- carrying trench 
vermin, which otherwise would be brought into homes. Men return- 
ing to the front would be given additional stimulus and enthusiasm 
through such special attention on the part of American women. All 
of this tends to develop a better morale as well as physique. Work can 
and should be started immediately to provide against the particular 
hardships of the winter months. 

Remember that the diseases brought from the trenches to the home 
constitute a grave menace, also that long journeys in an exhausted 
condition deprive men of the necessary power of resistance. 

We believe no work more immediately important to safeguard the 
homes and the soldiers and to convince the country at large that we are 
working with them, and earnestly recommend an appropriation for the 
purpose. 

The entire plan will be carried out in accordance with the views of 
General Pershing and the French Army. 

89 



The War Council has made an appropriation to establish and 
maintain these eleven canteens and similar facilities at stations 
in and about Paris for men on leave. Much of the original 
equipment is provided by the French military authorities. 



American Women in Canteens 

The Woman's Bureau undertook to recruit one hundred 
American women to serve in canteens and rest stations in France . 
Only women of robust health, between the ages of thirty and fifty, 
were considered, and applicants were required to show that they 
had worked for the American Red Cross or in regular occupations 
requiring a high order of service and a capacity for self-sacrifice. 

Fifty-two of these women are already in France. Their 
names follow: 



MISS MARY VAIL ANDRESS 
MISS MARION H. BECKETT 
MISS EMILY M. BENNETT 
MISS SOPHIA BERGER 
MRS. AMELIA VANDER K. 

CHURCH 
MRS. KATHLEEN P. DAVIS 
MISS IRENE M. GIVENWILSON 
MISS CORNELIA B KNOX 
MISS MARY T. LANE 
MISS FRANCES MITCHELL 
MISS ELLA UNDERBILL 

OSBORNE 
MRS. ELEANOR C. PRIME 
MISS AGNES E. SHEEHAN 
MISS EMILY P. SIMMONDS 
MRS. ELIZABETH H. TAYLOR 
MRS. CARLOTTA DAVIS 

THRASHER 
MRS. ANNE TIFFANY 
MRS. BARBOUR WALKER 
MRS. MEREDITH WATERBURY 
MISS ELIZABETH D. YOUNG 

all of New York City 

MRS. ISABEL PERKINS ANDER- 
SON 
MRS. RANDOLPH DICKENS 
MISS CATHERINE RUSH 
PORTER, of Washington, D. C. 

MISS ELLEN P. KILPATRICK 
MISS ALICE WOLFF MILLER 
MISS MARY VAN ARSDALE 
TONGUE, of Baltimore, Md. 

MISS ALICE LORD O'BRIAN 
MISS ANNA PERIT ROCHESTER 
of Buffalo, N. Y. 

MISS EMMA S. LANSING 

MISS KATHERINE LANSING, of 

Watertown, N. Y. 

(Sister of the Secretary of State) 



MISS ELIZABETH ANDERSON 
MISS FRANCES ANDERSON 

of New Canaan, Conn. 
MISS FLORENCE HERRICK 
MISS HARRIETT P._HERRICK 

of Roselle, N. J. 
MRS. JEAN B. HULL 
MISS AMY E. BREWER, 

of Chicago, 111. 
MISS ALICE CYNTHIA ARCHI- 
BALD 
MRS. GERTRUDE L. HEATWOLE. 

of Northfield, Minn. 
MISS GRACE NICHOLS 

of Boston, Mass. 
MISS RUTH E.. SMITH 

of Yonkers, N. Y. 
MISS HARRIETTE ROGERS 

of Garrison-on-Hudson, N. Y. 

MISS FRANCES E. SHELTON 

of Scarsdale, N. Y. 
MISS ETHEL BURNET 

of Watch Hill, R. I. 
MISS LOIS BRUNDRED 

of Oil City, Penn. 
MRS. MARY STICKNEY LAW- 
RENCE 

of Rutland, Vt. 
MISS MILDRED COWING 

of Wyoming, Ohio 
MISS MARY HELEN FEE 

of Oak Park, 111. 
MISS CORNELIA B. GREEN 

of Detroit, Mich. 
MISS BLANCHARD SCOTT 

of Ft. Mayer, Va. 
MISS WILHELMINA TENNEY 

of Honolulu, Hawaii 



The women in this canteen service will work under the direc- 
tion of Major Murphy and a committee of American women in 
Paris, of which Mrs. William G. Sharp, wife of the American 
Ambassador, is Chairman. 

90 



The Canteens at Work 

The first of these canteens was opened in September, and 
began immediately to serve large numbers of French soldiers 
and some American troops. It has been used by an average 
of 2,000 men daily. 

The first visitors were a troop of chasseurs who had been 
instructing the American troops, and on the same evening a 
large number of American engineers, leaving by a train at one 
o'clock in the morning, were given a warm welcome. 

There are eighteen women who serve, day and night. The 
menu includes soup, bread, meat, vegetables, salads, cheese, 
eggs, coffee, chocolate and tea; an additional store offers canned 
goods, chocolate, fruit and tobacco which men can buy to take 
with them on the train, as well as postcards and other small 
articles. 

Arrangements for announcing the departure of trains have 
enabled between 300 and 400 men to catch a few hours of much 
needed rest in comfortable, clean quarters, without fear of miss- 
ing their trains. Six hundred men can be so accommodated. 
Showers and wash basins are also provided. 

The picture presented by such a canteen when it is filled 
with soldiers is described in a cable to the Chicago Daily News 
from Junius B. Wood, in part, as follows: 



Back of a long porcelain-tiled counter American women in white 
caps and white aprons were pom-ing coffee, ladling soup and handing 
out sandwiches as fast as their arms could work. In front was an 
unending line of soldiers, American and French, with bowls of soup or 
coffee in one hand and sandwiches, sausages and tobacco in the other, 
making their way gingerly through the crowd from the counter to seats 
at the tables iu the big room. 

This canteen seats 360 an hour in the dining-room, which is capable 
of handling 5,000 guests daily. There are twenty- one shower baths, 
a barber shop, a clothes steriUzer and bombproof movie theatre. All is 
free except the food, for which there is a nominal charge. On the other 
side of the railroad tracks a garden has been laid out where, in a kiosk, 
the French Government dispenses wine to its own troops. While 
waiting for trains the soldiers relax and rest. 

Everything is sold at cost, no allowance being made for the big 
overhead expenses. In addition, much is distributed free. A bowl of 
soup, which is quite different from the usual onion-flavoured greasy 
hot water, costs 3 cents, and other things are sold at proportionately 
low prices. Soup and coffee are both served in bowls. 

There are no spoons, cups, knives or forks, for these never return. 
For 13 cents one gets a dinner consisting of soup, beef or lamb, vegetable 
salad, cheese, pudding or fruit, coffee, chocolate or bouillon. Tea is 
brewed especially for passing British troops. 

91 



''The pleasure and appreciation of all the men who pass 
through is most gratifying," the Red Cross Commission reports, 
adding: 

To see the men comfortably swapping stories over a cup of coffee, 
struggling over a game or a puzzle, or chatting over the counter with 
our workers, convinces us that our first effort to divert the thoughts 
of the men from the excitement and horrors of the trenches into quiet 
and relaxing channels has been successful. 



Canteens in the Field 

Near the firing line the Red Cross is establishing field can- 
teens. Extending the work already begun by a branch of the 
French Red Cross (La Societe de Secours aux Blesses Militaires) 
it will provide one of these canteens for every corps of the French 
Army, and later for the American Army as well. 

Such canteens are placed in or near the second line where 
men going to and from the trenches can conveniently stop. A 
field kitchen is maintained there, from which the refreshing 
drinks are distributed along the front by wagons and light motor 
trucks. Each station can keep about 125 gallons of hot drinks 
at the boiling point . Four thousand portions — coffee , tea , cocoa , 
bouillon, lemonade, etc., — are sometimes served from one can- 
teen in a single day. 

Here, too, American workers will be found. A Red Cross 
representative and a French officer are on duty at each canteen. 
Many of the poilus will get their first glimpse of the American 
uniform in this way. 



Base Hospitals 

The work of the Red Cross in organizing and equipping base 
hospital units for service in the Army Medical Corps has already 
been described in Part I. 

In advance of the fighting forces the United States sent to 
the European battlefields six of these base hospitals, the first 
United States Army organizations which went to Europe. These 
were sent at the request of the British Commission. . 

More than a dozen base hospitals organized by the American 
Red Cross are now seeing active service in France, and others 
are rapidly being made ready for foreign service. 

92 



Base Hospital Units at Work 

An Associated Press dispatch from the British Headquarters 
in France and Belgium gives the following account of the work 
of six American base hospital units now in service abroad: 

The six medical xinits which were sent over from the United States 
to take charge of six British base hospitals have become a part of the 
smoothly running organization that the British have developed. The 
Americans feel that they are fortunate in their position. They realize 
that they have much to learn about war hospitals, and they are having 
the opportunity of learning rapidly from men who have had more than 
three years' experience. 

The British, on the other hand, recognize fully the sacrifices that 
have been made by the Americans, many of them eminent surgeons 
with big practices at home, in coming to France to assist in caring for 
the wounded. These sacrifices are appreciated, and the attitude of the 
British Medical Service, from the Director General down, has been most 
sympathetic and helpful. 

A Bright Spot in the War 

The excellent work being done by the American units has frequently 
been the subject of complimentary remarks by all ranks of the British 
medical organization. The service which the workers from the United 
States have performed' is characterized as one of the bright spots in a 
war which is causing so much misery. 

Roughly speaking, the six base hospitals conducted by the Americans 
have beds for about 1,500 patients each, and there are many times 
when they are filled to overflowing, for base hospitals must care, not 
only for their own wounded, but for Germans as well. The six base 
hospitals have, in addition to their other work, furnished some ten surgi- 
cal teams for service in casualty clearing stations near the firing-line. 
These teams usually consist of a surgeon, an assistant, a nurse and an 
orderly. 

American surgeons whose name& are famous internationally are 
laboring beside youthful medical officers who have sat under them 
in the classroom at home. Dr. Crile, of Cleveland; Dr. Gushing, of 
Harvard; Dr. Brewer, of New York; Dr. Harte, of Philadelphia; Dr. 
Murphy, of St. Louis, and Dr. Besley, of Chicago — they call them 
majors over here — all have been or are at present working night and 
day in casualty clearing stations, which have been caring for the 
wounded from the last great offensive. 

These surgical teams have had one characteristic experience. Their 
work is hampered and their lives are endangered by German airmen, 
who persist in hurling high explosives down among them. In one of 
the latest raids, the German aviators killed or re-wounded many of 
their own men, prisoners, who were being cared for in one of these 
hospitals. 



A Hospital Under Fire 

German airmen raided the U.S. Army Base Hospital Unit of 
Harvard University on the night of September 4th, killing an 

93 



officer and three Army privates, and wounding 32. A cable 
report of the attack and the behavior of the staff, from the Red 
Cross Commission, follows: 

Five bombs were thrown. The explosions instantly killed Lieutenant 
WiUiam T. Fitzsimons of the Medical Officers' Reserve Corps, U. S. 
Army, and three Army privates, and wounded Lieutenants Clarence A. 
McGuire, Thaddeus D. Smith, and Rea W. Whidden, O. R. C. U. S. A., 
six privates, a woman nurse, and 22 patients from the British lines who 
were imder treatment there for wounds already received. 
) The aeroplane attack occurred at 11 o'clock at night. Just at that 
time, fortunately, no convoy of wounded was being received or the 
list of casualties would have been far greater. One of the bombs fell in 
the center of the large reception tent to which the wounded are first 
borne for examination. Ten seconds sufficed for the dropping of the 
bombs from the fast flying plane and within less than a minute after- 
ward the surgeons of the hospital were at the task of collecting and 
attending those who had been struck down. And for 24 hours they 
were at work in the operating room, one surgeon relieving another when 
the latter from simple exhaustion could work no longer. And the very 
next day, Just as if nothing had happened, these same surgeons were 
called upon to receive and care for 200 wounded sent in from the trenches 
of the British Expeditionary Force. 

The hospital, which is on the French coast, has 1 ,800 beds imder can- 
vas in a quadrangle 800 feet square. It is in a district in which there 
are many similar institutions, and is unmistakable as a hospital. 

At the time the German aviator flew over ijt, most of the surgical staff 
were engaged in making rounds of the wards. Lieutenant Fitzsimons, 
however, was standing at the door flap of his tent. There had been a 
brief warning of the presence of a bombing aeroplane in the neighbor- 
hood, because, a quarter of a minute before, the soimd of exploding 
bombs had been heard from a point perhaps 200 yards from the hospital. 
This warning sufficed to cause all lights in the tents to be extinguished 
immediately and those who had been under fire before threw themselves 
face down upon the ground. 

Then came five explosions in rapid succession in the hospital itself. 
The first two were directly in front of Lieutenant Fitzsimon's tent. The 
next two fell a himdred feet beyond in a five marquee ward in which 
there were many patients, and the last struck the reception tent. Over- 
head there was no sound. The German aviator flew too high to be heard, 
but he left his identity behind him, not only in the bombs he dropped, 
but in the derisive handful of pfennigs he scattered upon the hospital 
as he whirled away. A number of these were found when light came. 

Not the Smallest Sign of Panic 

Although the exploding bombs created horror in the hospital there 
was not the smallest sign of panic, and the work of discovering the 
wounded and collecting them was immediately begun. This was made 
cruelly difficult by the darkness, but everyone sprang to it with a will. 
Many of the injured had been blown from their cots, some even out- 
side their tents, where they were found tangled in the tent ropes. 

The American nurse, although struck in the face by a fragment of 
steel from the bomb, refused to be relieved and remained at her task 
courageously to the end. A hospital orderly, who worked untiringly, 
was found later to have been struck in the head by a fragment and pain- 
fully injured. He had tied up his head and worked on. 

94 



In the operating room, Captains Horace Binney and Elliott Cutler, 
with their assistants, worked all night long. Several delicate operations 
were performed and their task was made all the harder by the fact that 
in innumerable cases the patients were in serious danger of infection 
from the pieces of wood and nails and dirt which had been blown into 
their bodies. 

Lieutenant Colonel R, U. Patterson, U. S. A., commanding oflficer 
of the Unit, and Major Harvey Gushing, head of the surgical force, 
the latter being at the front at the time of the disaster, have expressed 
the highest admiration for the manner in which the emergency was met. 
Latest reports are that the condition of the wounded is progressing 
satisfactorily. 



Other Hospitals Taken Over 

The American Red Cross has taken over, under the control 
of the United States Army, the administration of the American 
Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly. This was established in Au- 
gust, 1914, in a building designed for the Lycee Pasteur, and has 
had the loyal support of over 4,000 American contributors mar- 
shalled by the American Committee of the American Ambulance 
Hospital in Paris. It is now known as American Red Cross 
Military Hospital No. 1. 

The hospital in Paris directed by Dr. Joseph A. Blake, the 
distinguished American surgeon, now Major Blake, has become 
American Red Cross Military Hospital No. 2, and is adminis- 
tered by the Red Cross, which will henceforth supply the neces- 
sary funds for its support. It will be used primarily for soldiers 
of the United States Army, but for the present, by agreement 
with the French Army, it is continuing to care for a number of 
French soldiers. 

A Red Cross Medical Hospital for the care of non-surgical 
cases among the American nurses, ambulance drivers and other 
Red Cross personnel is being established near Paris, and it is 
expected that other new hospitals will have to be provided. 



Hospital Supply Service 

How to co-ordinate all the military hospitals maintained by 
American and other foreign societies and individuals, and to pro- 
vide them with the supplies and materials they needed at a mini- 
mum cost, was one of the first problems undertaken by the Red 
Cross Commission on its arrival in Paris. The distribution 
services maintained by the American Relief Clearing House 

95 



and Mrs. Robert W. Bliss, which were put at its disposal shortly 
after it began work, contributed to the solution of this 
problem. 

Sixteen warehouses have already been established in France 
as a part of the new Hospital Supply Service and others will be 
added. An appropriation of $1,019,000 has been made so that 
drugs, medicines, surgical instruments and other supplies will 
be available as needed. 

Six of these new Red Cross warehouses have been located 
in Paris and ten in departments outside the capital. Plans are 
under way to increase the warehouse facilities at French seaports. 
Approximately fifteen thousand tons of materials are now being 
distributed monthly from these warehouses by the Red Cross 
Commission, and 3,423 French military hospitals are being 
served. Two thousand French hospitals are reached by the 
Red Cross Surgical Dressings Service. 

The warehouses in Paris alone have a capacity of three and 
a half million cubic feet and can take care of sixty thousand tons 
of supplies at a time. The total warehouse capacity is 100,000 
tons. 

As Director of the new Hospital Supply Service the War 
Council sent to France, Stanley Field, of Marshall Field & Co., 
of Chicago. He has been appointed a Deputy Commissioner. 
Assisting Mr. Field and in charge of the various warehouses is 
a group of business or professional men who volunteer their 
services for the period of the war. Among them are the fol- 
lowing: 

JOHN WOODWARD, of the Curtis Publishing Company, New York City. 

TODD W. LEWIS, of Minneapolis. 

KENNARD WINDSOR, of Boston. 

J. SHELDEN TILNEY and RUSSELL ARMSTRONG, of New York. 

HENRY S. SHERMAN, Cleveland, O. 

Vice-President of the Standard Car Wheel Co. 
PHILIP L. SMITH, Short Hills, N. J. 

Banker and member of the New York Stock Exchange. 
E. W. OGDEN, Knoxville, Tenn. 

President of the Citizens' National Bank. 
JOHNSON DE FOREST, New York. 

Lawyer and son of Robert W. de Forest, Vice-President of the American 

Red Cross. 
KNOWLTON MIXER, retired lumberman. 

GEORGE T. RICE, Boston, of the banking house of Bond & Goodwin. 
WALTER MORRISON, Minneapolis, retired lumbennan. 

C. H. MOORMAN, Louisville, Ky., law partner of United States Senator Beckham. 
LEWIS M. WILLIAMS, Cleveland, O. 

Of the Sherwin-Williams Paint Co. 

D. S. BLOSSOM, Cleveland, O., 

Vice-President of the William Bingham Co., wholesale hardware 
ALDEN SWIFT, Chicago. 

Of the packing firm of Swift & Co. 

The force of workmen is recruited from veteran French 
soldiers and Belgian men no longer fit for military duty. 

96 



All Kinds ©f Relief Supplies 

The stocks of goods carried by the warehouses are as varied 
as those of great wholesale houses or department stores. Every 
kind of medical suppHes, drugs, and surgical instruments is car- 
ried for the use of hospital staffs. Foodstuffs, clothing, build- 
ing materials, plowing implements and tools are also being im- 
ported in large quantities for the assistance of French refugees. 

A large portion of these supplies is received directly from the 
United States and is forwarded by the Red Cross Supply Service 
from chapter work-rooms and from rehef societies co-operating 
with the Red Cross. 

When it is possible, supplies are purchased in France, owing 
to the great shortage of ocean tonnage. Major Murphy re- 
ported in regard to such transactions: 

Our transportation problem is tremendous, and we must be in a 
position to prepare for it promptly. By buying here, we get immediate 
delivery and avoid transportation difficulties. We also place ourselves 
in a position where we can very largely take care of emergencies, not 
only for France but for our ovra Army. 

We are working as an absolute unit with the chief medical officers of 
our own Army here, and they desire us to accumulate a reasonable 
reservoir of supplies on which they can draw in case of emergency. 

Certain immediate purchases are necessary in order to avoid loss of 
material. It is absolutely necessary for us to take a position where we 
can properly care for our own troops. 



How the Warehouses Help 

What this hospital supply service means in increasing the 
effectiveness of many of the war hospitals in France is shown in 
a message received from Dr. Harvey Cushing, of Boston, now 
a Major in the United States Army and in charge of a base hos- 
pital which is serving behind the British lines in France. Major 
Cushing wrote in part: 

I cannot tell you how cheered I was when I found how well organized 
the Red Cross was in Paris and what a great start you had made. 

When an American officer could actually walk into the warehouse you 
had taken over and find Squibb's and MalUnckrodt's ether, bathrobes, 
adhesive plaster, aspirin, surgical instruments, kerosene lamps, canvas 
aprons, aspirating needles and many other things which our camps 
happen to need, I for the first time began to realize what the Red Cross 
might be able to do for waifs like ourselves over here. 

It all goes to show what an enormously important part the Red Cross 
will undoubtedly come to play as more people come over and our 
affairs overseas get more and more complicated. 

97 



Unquestionably countless emergencies will arise and sudden calls 
such as om-s will be made for odd and diverse things; and I hope that 
we may see huge storehouses established under you where those in need 
can get the supplies which are absolutely essential to their work — 
whether it be an automobile or a hypodermic needle. 

Certainly the people at home will subscribe with their accustomed 
liberality to an organization of this kind and you will do as much 
toward winning the war as the men who carry the rifles. 



Special Aid to Military Hospitals 

In response to an urgent cablegram from Major Murphy, 
the Red Cross has shipped to Europe 100,000 one-half pound 
tins of ether. 

The War Council, in addition, has authorized Major Murphy 
to establish, as soon as practicable, a central plant to manufac- 
ture nitrous oxide, or "laughing gas," one of the most effective 
and harmless of anaesthetics for short operations. 

American machinery will be shipped to France for this pur- 
pose, and American operatives will be sent over to conduct the 
plant. 

With the equipment will go materials for manufacturing the 
gas, hundreds of tanks for storing it and transporting it to the 
hospitals, and complete apparatus for administering it in the 
operating rooms. This will provide a complete plant for the 
manufacture of the anaesthetic, and will make the war surgeons 
independent of overseas importation. The Red Cross plant, 
with a capacity for producing 30,000 gallons daily, will about 
double the volume of nitrous oxide available in France. 

Also, by reason of the shortage of surgical apparatus, the 
Red Cross has planned to establish in France a small factory for 
the repair of surgical apparatus and the manufacture of splints 
and hospital appUances. Ten portable ice-making plants will 
be set up in France, with machinery sent from the United States, 
for the use of the American base hospitals. 

Military Medical Research 

The War Council has appropriated $100,000 for general 
military medical research work in France, including special 
methods of recognition and study of diseases among soldiers. 

This action followed a report from the Red Cross Commission 
in France to National Headquarters as follows: 

An extraordinary opportunity presents itself here for medical re- 
search work. We have, serving with various American units, some of 
the ablest doctors and surgeons in the United States. Many of these 

98 



men are already conducting courses of investigation which, if carried 
to successful conclusions, will result in the discovery of treatments and 
methods of operation which will be of great use not only in this war 
but possibly for years afterwards. To carry on their work they need 
certain special laboratory equipment, suitable buildings and animals 
for experimental purposes. At present equipment and personnel can- 
not be obtained through ordinary government sources without delay, 
which makes this source of supply quite impracticable. 

The foregoing recommendation, like all others of a medical 
nature from the Commission in France, was submitted to an 
Advisory Medical Board in France composed of leading Amer- 
ican doctors working with our own forces in that country. 
They approved it. 

This advisory board is headed by Dr. Joseph A. Blake, with 
whom are associated: 

COL. IRELAND, 

of General Pershing's staff; 
DR. LIVINGSTON FARRAND, 

President of tiie University of Colorado; 
DR. ALEXANDER LAMBERT, 

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Cornell Medical School; 
DR. JOHN M. FINNEY, 

Professor of Clinical Surgery at Johns Hopkins UniveFsity; 
DRS. RICHARD P. STRONG and W. B. CANNON, 

Professors at Harvard University; 

MAJOR GEORGE W. CRILE, , ^ 

head of the Cleveland Base Hospital Unit, and discoverer of a method of 
eliminating surgical shock, which is already reducing mortality; and 
DR. HUGH H. YOUNG, 

Professor at Johns Hopkins University. 

The committee in charge of this research work in France 
headed by Dr. W. B. Cannon, Professor of Physiology at 
Harvard, includes: 

DR. BLAKE, DR. HARVEY GUSHING, Professor 

DR CRILE, °f Surgery at Harvard; 

COLONEL IRELAND, '^^C^af M^didM ^f c'olumbi?°' °^ 

5^- ^S^ii?^^«ipnM^^'^' DR. WILLIAmThARLES^WHITE, 

DR. RICHARD P. STRONG, Associate Professor of Medicine at 

DR. KENNETH TAYLOR, Pittsburgh; and 

DR. W. B. CANNON, Professor of DR. HOMESl F. SWIFT, Professor of 

Physiology at Harvard; Medicine at Cornell. 

The question has been raised as to whether the appropriation 
for medical research was not outside the proper scope of Red 
Cross activity. 

The answer is simple. The supreme aim of the Red Cross is 
to relieve human suffering growing out of war. The War Council 
was advised from the ablest professional sources available that 
an immediate appropriation for medical research would contrib- 
ute toward that end. The War Council could not disregard 
such advice. 

There are many unsolved medical questions of great impor- 
tance in this war. Numerous problems relating to the treat- 

99 



ment of wounds, the eradication of lice, fleas and scabies, the 
treatment of trench nephritis, trench heart, war neurasthenia, 
exhaustion, lethal gases, shell consussion, wound infection, com- 
pound fracture and a great variety of other diseases and injuries 
are still to worked out. The solution of such problems will 
contribute not only toward the relief of suffering but toward 
more effective prosecution of the war. Scientific experience is 
conclusive that the most rapid possible approach to such 
solution is through medical research. 

To safeguard expenditures under this appropriation it has 
been arranged that all applications for grants from it shall be 
made through the chief medical officer of the American Ex- 
peditionary Force, Brigadier General A. E. Bradley, and such 
recommendation is essential to consideration of such expendi- 
ture. 



The Red Cross and the Army in France 

All recommendations to the Red Cross War Council covering 
appropriations or work of medical, s-urgical or hospital character 
are, before being made by the French Commission, submitted 
to an advisory medical board in France, composed of leading 
American doctors working with our own forces in that country. 
Such recommendations are also laid before the Red Cross Medi- 
cal Advisory Board in this country, of which Dr. Simon Flexner 
is chairman. The Red Cross War Council thus has at its dis- 
posal in these vital matters the most expert advice obtainable. 

The whole Red Cross campaign in France is being carried 
through in close co-operation with General Pershing. The Red 
Cross is in perfect accord with the medical officers on his staff, 
and nothing which we can possibly foresee to save the soldiers 
of our army from suffering or hardship will be left uncovered. 



Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers 

The American Red Cross has appropriated $1,000,000 
from the War Fund for the relief of sick and wounded French 
soldiers and their families. 

A portion of this amount will be used for the aid of such 
sick and wounded soldiers in the French Army as may be con- 

100 



sidered in special need by the French commanding generals. 
The relief to the families of sick and wounded soldiers is to be 
handled through the agency of the Conseils Generaux, non- 
political bodies composed of representative citizens, meeting 
in each Department of France with the purpose of considering 
the physical needs of their various districts. This form of dis- 
tribution has been recommended by the French Ministry for 
Foreign Affairs as the best possible means of effectively aiding 
the largest possible number of needy families. 

In regard to a portion of this gift, General Petain wrote the 
following letter of acknowledgment to Major Murphy: 

General Army Headquarters 

OP THE North and North-East 

General-Commander-in-Chief 

To Major Murphy, High Commissioner of 
the American Red Cross in Europe: 

I am in receipt of your letter of the 12th inst. in which you make 
note of the desires of the American Red Cross in regard to the distribu- 
tion of a sum placed at my disposal under date of Sept. 8, through the 
medium of General Pershing. 

In expressing my entire acquiescence with the contents of the com- 
munication, I wish personally to express my acknowledgment, and 
I pray that you will be good enough to act as my interpreter to the War 
Council of the American Red Cross in Washington, assuring them of 
my sincere gratitude for a gift so magnificent, which will contribute to 
the maintenance and the exaltation of the morale of our fighters. 

(Signed) Petain. 



New Uniforms for American Nurses 

On account of the limited laundry facilities in France, it has 
been decided that Red Cross nurses with base hospitals and other 
military hospitals in France shall wear gray uniforms instead of 
the usual white. The War Council has appropriated sufficient 
funds to supply the American nurses now in service abroad with 
the new uniforms. 



k 



101 



CIVILIAN RELIEF 



Work for Refugees 

A peculiar call for relief in France is on behalf of French 
refugees. The people come from the regions devastated by the 
German army, having fled on the original approach of the in- 
vader, or having been sent back into Germany and forced out 
over the Swiss and French frontiers. The position of refugees 
is becoming more difficult as the cost of food rises. Their hous- 
ing conditions are also bad in many instances, especially in the 
cities. The relief agencies report that in the cities an entire 
family often resides in a single room. When persons live under 
these conditions of bad housing and malnutrition, disease is sure 
to take hold and increase. The Red Cross is assisting in the 
work of finding suitable quarters for refugees in Paris. 

Dr. Edward T, Devine, of New York, has been appointed 
chief of the Bureau of Refugees and Home Relief, under the 
American Red Cross Commission to France. Dr. Devine is 
to be in charge of all relief work outside the city of Paris. 
He is one of the leading authorities on the subject of social wel- 
fare and relief work, professor of social economics in Columbia 
University and director of the New York School of Philanthropy, 
and was formerly editor of The Survey. At the time of the San 
Francisco earthquake and fire. Dr. Devine was special repre- 
sentative of the American Red Cross in San Francisco in charge 
of relief, and he served in a similar capacity in connection with 
the rehef of victims of the Dayton flood in 1913. In committing 
the vast work of refugee and home relief in France to Dr. De- 
vine, therefore, the Red Cross is placing it in experienced hands. 

The situation which confronts the Bureau of Refugees and 
Home Relief is outlined thus by Major Murphy: 

In the various departments outside the Seine there are about 850,000 
refugees embracing all classes and ages except able-bodied men. Al- 
though employment at good wages is general, these refugees are never- 
theless in an unfortunate condition because of the complete loss of their 
possessions when driven out of the invaded territory. They have 
since been Uving in excessively congested quarters and, necessarily, 
under very unsanitary conditions. 

The Red Cross hopes to aid the authorities to lessen this congestion 
by supplying furniture to those who in this way could move into better 
Quarters, by completing buildings already partly constructed, and 

102 



even by furnishing portable houses of cheap construction, when neces- 
sary, as a temporary makeshift. 

It is proposed to estabUsh, in connection with the French authorities, 
health centers from which useful work can be done in such a way as 
fully to conserve the self-respect and independence of those who accept 
it. There are many voluntary agencies, as well as public relief authori- 
ties, through whom the Red Cross can give assistance. 

Dr, Devine's immediate task will be to co-ordinate those agencies 
and arrange for constructive relief for those victims of the war who 
cannot yet be returned to their own homes. Later it is hoped that 
there will be abundant opportunity for them to be re-established in the 
busy and fruitful regions in which they lived before the war. 



Foodstuffs for the Sick and Needy 

In response to a cable from the Commission in France, the 
War Council appropriated $1,500,000 from the War Fund to pur- 
chase foodstuffs to be sent to France. The cable was as follows : 

We hope you will use all transportation you can possibly secure to 
ship to us the following supplies. We must begin to prepare for the 
coming hard winter, and you cannot possibly send us more than we need 
of the following list, except where definite amounts are specified: 

Twenty 4-ton motor trucks; 50,000 yards of flannel; condensed milk; 
flour; dried preserved vegetables; corned beef; rice; beans; canned beef; 
preserved fruits; sugar; heavy shoes; blankets; knitting wool; heavy 
white cotton sheeting. 

The foodstuffs purchased will be used particularly for the 
relief of sick, wounded and starving people. They will be care- 
fully stored in France so as to be ready for any emergency which 
may confront either our own soldiers and sailors in France or the 
French population itself. 

Through the courtesy of Mr. Herbert Hoover and Mr. W. L. 
Honnold, of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, these food- 
stuffs were bought through the very efficient purchasing organiza- 
tion of that commission. The Commission for Relief in Belgium 
very kindly offered to do this work for the Red Cross at a merely 
nominal charge for overhead expenses. 

Further appropriations have since been made for foodstuffs 
upon Major Murphy's request. 



Distributing Relief Along the Front 

Along that desolate path of ruin, the French and British lines 
from Belgium to Switzerland, the American Red Cross work of 

103- 



relief and economic rehabilitation under Edward Eyre Hunt, 
chief of the Bureau, has rapidly taken shape. Returning refu- 
gees and repatriates have earth under them and sky over them 
— that is all. The land has been swept clean, the Red Cross 
Commission reports, continuing: 

Frenchmen of the twentieth century have to begin again where 
North American Indians would begin — by himting for food, temporary 
shelter, a few clothes to cover them, a handful of household goods and 
utensils such as pots, pans, knives and spoons, an agricultural imple- 
ment or two and perhaps a rabbit and some chickens, and, if they are 
very lucky, a goat or a donkey. 

It is to help such people as these that the American Red Cross has 
located its reUef warehouses just behind the lines at strategic points, 
and is sshippingfood, clothes, blankets, beds, mattresses, stoves, kitchen 
utensils, reapers and binders, mowing-machines, threshing machines, 
garden tools and himdreds of other articles of prime importance to 
people who were prosperous and contented only three years ago. 

The service of relief and economic rehabilitation has divided its 
field into six districts: (1) for the extreme north and Pas de Calais; 
(2) for the Somme; (3) for the Oise; (4) for the Aisne; (5) for the Marne 
and the Meuse; (6) for the Meurthe and the Moselle. 

Resident American delegates have been assigned to each of these. 
Their duties are to oversee the distribution of relief, to report new 
needs, and to co-operate in every possible way with the admirable relief 
work of the French Government and scores of devoted French and other 
organizations. 



Restoring French Villages 

It is not the policy of the Red Cross to rebuild the villages of 
France, but it is our hope to be able to give a new start in life to 
a large number of persons who have been left destitute by the 
ravages of the German army. These populations, suffering from 
many forms of discouragement, the chief of which is separation 
from their homes and families, are largely idle. Many of them 
are too old to adapt themselves to new conditions and can be 
serviceable only in the districts from which they came. 

From the purely economic consideration of making it possible 
for this excess of people to recommence their usual labor and to 
regain the self esteem that results from self support the necessity 
of providing some form of habitation in which to work cannot be 
exaggerated. 

The Red Cross has accordingly appropriated $403,090 for 
a provisional experiment in this direction, the plans for the ex- 
periment having been worked out in France by Mr. Homer Folks, 
one of the most competent of living authorities on the relief of 
dependents. 

•104 



The plan undertaken is to reconstitute 60 families in each of 
four villages. Each family is to consist of five persons, including 
in some cases persons not actually members of the family. 
There will be a total of 300 persons per village and of 1,200 persons 
for the entire enterprise. 

The Red Cross hopes and expects to do no more than to help 
these stricken people help themselves. But it does expect that 
its effort in that direction will be a source of aid and encourage- 
ment to a great many beyond those immediately affected. 

In reference to these efforts at rehabilitation, the Red Cross 
Commission to France has reported as follows: 

Our feeling is here that we should aim to give the dweller in the 
devastated regions a shelter which will keep out wind and weather for 
two or three years, during which period he will have time to get on his 
feet and do his own permanent reconstruction work. However, owing 
to the location of materials and the transportation situation, we may 
often find that we can at less cost do concrete construction work or 
brick work than wood work, and under these circmnstances we should 
do that kind of construction which is cheapest. 

We plan, for instance, to establish, at various points in the devas- 
tated regions, brick yards. Through these yards we can supply bricks 
for construction purposes at a much cheaper cost and much more 
rapidly than we could furnish lumber for contractors' shacks. In 
every case our governing principle will be to spend the least possible 
money in the least possible time in providing a dwelling for a given 
individual family. 

I may add that I am very hopeful that we can put a great many 
people under shelter simply by repairing those houses which have merely 
shell holes in the roofs and in the walls. In many cases the beams 
which unite the top walls have been cut away by the Germans, so that 
the tendency of the roofs is to thrust the walls apart, but I believe we 
can tie the walls together with steel or wire from the wire entanglements 
and military works in the neighborhood of the devastated villages. 



Housing Follows the Plow 

In view of the overshadowing importance of augmenting in 
every possible way the food supply, the Red Cross will carry on 
its first work of reconstruction in those portions of the devastated 
areas v/hich are selected by the government as the best wheat- 
growing regions, and to which the French government sends its 
batteries of tractors for plowing. The Bureau of Reconstruction 
describes its program thus: 

Representatives of three divisions of the American Red Cross in 
France — Planning, Engineering, and Civil Affairs — returned recently 
from a study of conditions in the devastated areas, having selected 
three villages in which provisional reconstruction work will be begun 
within a fortnight. 

105 



Fifty villages were visited. In some, the destruction of buildings 
was complete. In others, a portion of the buildings can be repaired. 
Nearly all the houses are without roofs, without windows and door 
frames, and with absolutely no furniture or utensils. 

The Red Cross plans to do provisional reconstruction of dwellings in 
several of these villages, and also, as the refugees return, to assist in 
their economic and social rehabilitation. In these particular villages, 
the population before the war was 3,387. Now it is 235. The repair 
of the houses will permit the return of the refugees, who can do much 
toward getting the land sown to wheat this autumn. 

In order to encroach as little as possible on the limited supply of 
lumber, the Red Cross is selecting villages in which the work will be 
largely that of provisional repair rather than of new construction. It 
plans to make on the spot its own brick and lime. 



Co-operation with the Friends' Society 

In this work of rehabilitation the Red Cross has estabhshed 
a plan of co-operation with the Friends both from the United 
States and from England. 

The American Friends' National Service Committee, as a 
preparatory step to its practical service, began last summer to 
train the American Friends' Reconstruction Unit of one hundred 
men at Haverford, Pennsylvania. 

The training, under a corps of practical instructors, including 
six native French teachers, embraced instruction in the mending 
of roads, the building of portable houses, first aid, the operation 
of automobiles, bricklaying and carpentry, the French language, 
and in every form of relief work. 

Scarcely had the instruction begun when a cablegram was 
received from Major Murphy in Paris requesting the immediate 
dispatch of the Haverford unit for urgent standardization work. 
It is now in service in France. 

The work of this group is altogether with the civil population 
in the devastated area. Entrance into the zone for this work is 
by special permission of the French Government. The members 
of the unit wear the Red Cross uniform and the Red Cross has 
furnished them supplies of various kinds, including tractors, 
motor trucks, motorcycles, agricultural machinery, planing mill, 
saw mill and carpenter tools, and medical, dental and laboratory 
equipment. 

In addition to this American effort, the following message, 
dated Aug. 28, from Major Murphy speaks for itself: 

The American Red Cross and the Enghsh Friends' Relief Committee 
for the Victims of the War established on Saturday last an effective 

106 



basis of active co-operation. The English Friends have 150 workers 
in France and an American unit of 100 is about to sail, and is likely to 
be followed later by an addition of 150. 

The work done by the English Friends has been carefully looked into 
by the American Red Cross. It deals with the care of refugees from 
the war area and with reconstruction and rehabilitation in the dev- 
astated areas. It has been supported by gifts from friends in England 
and America. 

The American Red Cross is so impressed by the spirit and efficiency 
of the work that it has made an appropriation of francs 533,000 ($106,- 
600) for necessary plant and equipment for the immediate extension of 
the work, including an addition to the furniture fund, enlarging the 
Maternity Hospital, establishing a new refuge for children, a new 
work-shop and construction camp for making temporary houses, build- 
ing materials for 100 temporary houses, agricultural machinery, in- 
cluding threshing machines and a stock of smaller agricultural imple- 
ments and tools for distribution. 

With this added plant and equipment, the additional workers from 
America will be fully utilized and the demands upon the Friends and 
both England and America for even larger gifts for maintenance of the 
work will be increased. 

The Friends who are enhsted in this work are conscientious 
objectors to war, but they will be a powerful factor in remedying 
the evils of war. 



The Repatriated 

Repatriated Frenchmen from the occupied regions of France 
are now being brought to France via Switzerland at an average 
of about a thousand a day. At Evian they are examined and 
those who are ill are put into hospitals, whence they are 
dispatched, either to a relative or to the town or village on 
which they are billeted. Large numbers come to Paris. They 
arrive from Germany in most cases insufficiently clad and in 
very bad physical and mental condition. 

The German Government has always been careful to keep as 
secret as possible its intention to return civilians. On more than 
one occasion as many as a thousand refugees have come over the 
frontier without notice. The effort of the Red Cross is to en- 
deavor to separate the large number showing evidences of tuber- 
culous infection from the others, and to have them placed in 
special hospitals. 

What the Red Cross Commission to France is doing to aid 
these repatriated French families is described in the following 
cablegram from Major Murphy: 

Two trains of French repatries containing 1,000 people, 60 per cent 
of whom are women and children, arrive daily in Evian, homeless, sick, 
terrorized after three years of captivity. The American Red Cross is 

107 



co-operating with the Government and a local committee in the care 
of these people. 

On September 6th Dr. William P. Lucas, Chief of the Children's 
Bureau of the Commission, started the American Red Cross medical 
work for the children of the repatries pouring into Evian daily. These 
children are in very poor condition, many suffering from tuberculosis, 
skin and infectious diseases. 

The American Red Cross is opening a dispensary in connection with 
the receiving bureau at Evian, and an acute hospital of 30 beds for the 
sickest children. A convalescent hospital near Evian is being taken 
over by the Red Cross and plans are being made for a larger con- 
valescent hospital at another town nearby. One American nurse has 
been in charge of 120 beds for sick children for eight months and the 
results with the meager equipment have been marvelous. 

The American Red Cross has sent seven ambulances to Evian for 
transportation of sick children to the hospital. This was an acute 
need, and sick and exhausted women and children can now be handled 
by automobiles instead of trains. 



Relief of Invalided Soldiers 

The sick and disabled men discharged from the army on 
account of wounds or physical disabilities are divided into two 
classes: 

1. (Mutiles.) Those discharged on account of woimds (this class 
receives a pension); 

2. (Reform es.) Those discharged on account of physical disa- 
bilities (this class receives no pension). The number of class 2 was 
stated, in April, 1917, to be 300,000. 

Probably the majority of class 2 are tubercular. Dr. Biggs 
estimates the number of tubercular "reformes" at 150,000. 

Many of the "reformes" who are not tubercular are so broken 
in health that their earning power is slight. When they are dis- 
charged from the Army, separation allowance to their wives and 
children ceases. The family needs assistance until the man re- 
covers and finds employment, or, if unemployable, they may re- 
quire relief indefinitely. The uniforms of many of these dis- 
charged men are taken from them soon after their discharge, and 
they have no money with which to buy clothes. 

The work which the Red Cross has undertaken will comprise 
giving temporary relief to the men immediately after their dis- 
charge from the Army, and more permanent relief to the tuber- 
cular and unemployable. For the tubercular, special provision 
must be made, and in some cases, hospital care must be secured. 

The Mutilated and Blind 

The re-education of mutilated soldiers is being carried on 
partly by the Government and partly by private organizations 

108 



supported by voluntary contributions. There are between 50 
and 60 schools for this work but many of them are small. There 
are a few, large and important, which are believed to be doing 
excellent work and which could extend their work and improve 
it if a reasonable amount of additional money were provided. 

The American Red Cross has provided more than 600 muti- 
lated French soldiers with artificial legs of the best type that 
American ingenuity can produce, and has established a factory 
near Paris where American artificial limbs are manufactured. 
This work is done in co-operation with the French Government . 
By arranging for consultation between the surgeon and the manu- 
facturer the Red Cross has been able to secure the best possible 
treatment for each case . 

The Red Cross has also undertaken to aid in establishing 
homes for a small number of blind soldiers, who have been re- 
educated and are to earn their living henceforth. 



France Losing Population 

Before the war the birthrate and deathrate in France were 
so nearly equal that publicists voiced their concern over the 
future of the national life. Last year, however, with the death- 
rate probably over 20 per 1000, not counting deaths of men in 
military service, the birthrate was officially estimated at only 
8 per 1000. In New York State the birthrate is 23 or 24 per 
1000, the deathrate about 14 per 1000. 

The total deaths in France in 1916 were about 1,100,000. 
Births numbered only 312,000. The net loss in population 
was 788,000, or nearly two per cent, of the whole. In Paris, 
where 48,917 babies were born in the year ending August 1, 
1914, only 26,179 were born in the second year of the war, end- 
ing August 1, 1916. 

There is urgent need for effective work among children. 
Major Murphy cabled. He reported that there was also special 
need for doctors and nurseis for work with mothers and children. 
The Red Cross accordingly organized and sent to France an 
infant welfare unit, which has been reinforced, in response to 
urgent requests from Major Murphy, by two additional groups 
of doctors and nurses. 

These speciahsts are surveying the situation and studying 
the work already being done by the French. They are practicing 
among the people without receiving compensation from patients. 

109 



The task before the Red Cross is not only to co-operate with 
French speciaHsts but also to conduct a general educational 
campaign among French mothers in the interest of better pre- 
natal hygiene and scientific feeding and care of the babies. 
Special efforts will be made to protect children from tubercular 
infection. 



Special Relief for Children 

As an example of the activities of the American Red Cross 
in behalf of the children of France, the War Council has received 
the following report from the Commission in France: 

We have established a temporary children's shelter at a city in 
section of the war zone recently bombarded by the enemy. 

Gas ,bombs were being used by the Germans and the inhabitants of 
the nearby villages were obliged to wear face masks to escape asphyxia- 
tion. This mode of protection, however, is not feasible for children, 
and it was found necessary to send the children away at once. 

The Prefect of the Department telegraphed to a worker in Paris that 
750 children had been suddenly thrust upon his hands and that he 
needed immediate assistance. 

The next day eight workers left the Red Cross headquarters, a doctor, 
an experienced nurse, two auxiliary nurses, a bacteriologist, an ad- 
ministrative director and two women to take charge of the bedding, 
clothing, food, etc. 

They found that 21 of the children were infants under one year and 
the remainder were under eight years. They were herded together in 
an old barracks, dirty, practically unfurnished and with no sanitary 
appliances. Sick children were crowded in with the well, and skin 
disease and vermin abounded. 

Within two days the children had been thoroughly cleaned and 
transferred to anew and clean barracks. Medical care had been given 
and nurses secured for the babies, suitable food provided and a classifica- 
tion of all the refugees made to prevent the separation of members of 
the same family. The organization of an institution for the care of 
these children has been worked out. 

The French Government has provided a new brick barracks of ten 
buildings, situated on a hillside a mile from the city, and will furnish 
coal, water, light, rough labor, beds and bedding, rations and trans- 
portation of supplies. 

The Red Cross is to direct the work of supplying doctors, nurses and 
administrative officers, and of installing sanitary apparatus. Twelve 
shower baths have already been set up. Supplies are being provided 
for recreation, education and the vocational training of children. 

It is expected that four or five hundred more children will come in 
the near future, and the Red Cross is planning to increase its staff to 
care for this number. The children will be kept here as long as con- 
ditions remain such that they cannot return to their homes. 

Several hundred children have been removed to this asylum 
from their refuges in caves and nearby villages. The work of 

110 



the infirmary established by the American Red Cross has been 
greatly augmented by the gift of a Children's Hospital from an 
American Committee. This hospital will become the center 
of the American Red Cross welfare work for the entire Depart- 
ment, a work heartily endorsed by the Prefect of the Depart- 
ment. 

The need of such work is overwhelming, and the American 
Red Cross is directing from this center an educational cam- 
paign on Child Hygiene and Preventive Measures that is reach- 
ing all the villages and big refuge asylums for children in neigh- 
boring towns. 



Another Children's Relief Center 

A second center of the work of the Children's Bureau has 
been established in response to an urgent appeal from Monsieur 
and Madame Amedee Vernes of the French Red Cross. An 
expert, sent to investigate the conditions, found villages looted 
and burned, with all buildings destroyed, and more than 1,000 
children practically with no medical care, all miserably dirty, 
half of them infected with skin or eye lesions, and many actually 
ill. 

The equipment for any medical care was extremely meager; 
one old hospital stripped of all its apparatus; one aged civilian 
doctor left without drugs or means of getting them, with villages 
to look after besides his army duties, and one fairly intelligent 
midwife. 

The town immediately offered a tuberculosis pavilion, now 
unused, for the Red Cross headquarters, if the American Red 
Cross would help.- The doctor's recommendations upon his 
return were immediately accepted. 

The Children's Bureau began work by installing a central 
depot there, with ten beds, as a clearing house for the district, 
and by equipping an automobile as a travelling dispensary, with 
shower baths. The cars visit the villages on a daily round with 
one good trained nurse and two aides. 



A Travelling Shower Bath 

The work of this car in carrying medical aid and soap into 
regions where it is impossible to establish permanent dispensaries, 

in 



and where some of the children have gone unwashed since last 
winter, is described in the following message: 

On ne side of the camionette is a seat large enough to accommodate 
a nurse and sick child. Over their heads is a rack for medicines and 
instrument bags, and opposite is a rack for gauze and bandages. On 
the floor is the shower bath apparatus, of jointed wood and rubber and 
shiny pohshed nickel to catch the children's eyes. 

Warm water is poured into a wooden tub. The child sits in the tub 
and while the doctor pumps water through the shower the nurse scrubs. 
As the child whitens, the water blackens. At the finish the rubber 
shower tube is suddenly shifted into a bucket of fresh cold water and 
the bath ends with an unexpected douche. 



Prevention of Tuberculosis 

Nothing is so vital in France as to free the country so far 
as possible from tuberculosis. It is estimated that some 500,000 
persons are afflicted with the disease as the direct result of the 
war. Scientific efforts to control the spread of the malady are 
not only of supreme concern to France herself, but they are of 
great importance in making France healthful for our own troops. 

The Red Cross is accordingly co-operating with the Rocke- 
feller Foundation in financing a commission for the prevention 
of tuberculosis, the Rockefeller Foundation paying administra- 
tive expenses. 

The commission sent to France is headed by Dr. Livingston 
Farrand, President of the University of Colorado, and formerly 
President of the National Association for the Study and Pre- 
vention of Tuberculosis. The sending of the commission was 
preceded by a very careful survey of the situation by Dr. Her- 
man M. Biggs, of New York City, formerly Health Commissioner 
of New York State. 

The work is beginning on a modest scale, the service to be 
extended as opportunity may offer and results justify. All 
work is being done under the general administration of the 
French Government, and by French people. 

The administration of the work is centered in Paris, in co- 
operation with the Central Committee for the Aid of Tubercular 
Soldiers. The central administration will conduct an intensive 
educational work by means of four mobile educational units. 
These educational units are establishing local anti-tuberculosis 
dispensaries. 

Four training centers for educating workers to man these 

112 



dispensaries are being established and maintained; one in Paris, 
one in Bordeaux, one in Lyons and one in Marseilles. It is 
expected that ultimately France will have between 300 and 400 
anti-tubercular dispensaries, and upon them will fall the burden 
of controlhng tuberculosis in France. They will be maintained 
largely by local funds. 

In connection with each of the dispensaries provided three 
factors will be needed, which it is proposed the Red Cross shall 
provide, except in so far as they may be provided by French 
public authorities, organizations or citizens, viz.: 

(a) Special home relief for destitute families in which there is a case 
of tuberculosis, this rehef being of such nature and amoimt as the 
sanitary conditions require. 

(b) A hospital to which moderate and advanced cases, whose home 
conditions are such that they caimot remain at home without being a 
menace to their famihes, may be sent. It is not expected that these 
patients will recover, though they may improve, and the primary object 
of the hospital is not the cure, but the safeguarding of the health of 
other members of the family by removing the tuberculosis patients. 

(c) Special provision for the care of children who have aheady 
been intimately exposed to a serious case of tuberculosis. This pro- 
vision may either be institutional, with a special "regime" and special 
feeding in the nature of preventorium; or it may be the establishment 
of a special "regime" with medical and nm-sing supervision and special 
food in the homes of the children. 



A Tuberculosis Sanatorium 

In addition to the foregoing, the Red Cross Commission in 
France, on the invitation of the Sanitary Service of the French 
Army, is completing the unfinished building of the tuberculosis 
sanatorium at Bligny, some twenty miles from Paris. This 
admirable institution, which is in many respects a model, was 
occupying about one-half of its proposed plant when the war 
broke out. A large building, intended to accommodate two 
hundred patients, was about eighty per cent, completed. The 
walls, floors and roof were completed, doors and windows in 
place, but heating, Ughting and plumbing were lacking. All 
work was discontinued on the opening day "of the war, and every- 
thing has remained to the present day just as it was left. It is 
estimated that the building can be made ready for use before 
winter. It will be used by the military authorities during the 
war, and will then revert to the Sanatorium Association. 



113 



Work with the Tubercular in Paris 

Systematic visitation of Municipal Tuberculosis Hospitals 
in Paris has been begun by the American Red Cross, A cable- 
gram from Major Murphy says: 

During the past year the city of Paris has established temporary 
tuberculosis -pavilions on the grounds of six general hospitals. The 
total capacity of these pavilions is 464 beds, but, notwithstanding the 
enormous number of tubercular patients in Paris among the refugees 
and persons invalided from the Army, the pavilions are not more than 
half full. Many factors contribute to this result. The large amount 
of work thrust upon the civil authorities by the war conditions has not 
permitted much to make the pavilions attractive. 

The American Red Cross has secured permission to visit these hos- 
pitals and to befriend the tubercular patients. On the first visit in- 
quiries were made of the patients as to what they most needed. On 
the second occasion the visitors did not go empty handed; they took 
with them games, stationery, postage, jelly, colored crayons, sketch 
books, etc. 

The Red Cross hopes that not only will the lives of these patients 
be made much more comfortable, and their families relieved of anxiety, 
but that making the surroundings more cheerful, providing additional 
food, games, better equipment, reclining chairs and some form of 
recreation and entertainment, will result in the patients staying for 
longer periods. 

The use of the pavilions to their capacity would obviate the necessity 
of erecting additional tuberculosis hospitals with 300 beds, which would 
involve great expense and long delay. 



Les Tuberculeux de la Guerre 

Four chateaux equipped for use as sanatoriums, several auto- 
mobiles, a large supply of blankets, food and other supplies, 
office equipment and the funds of the Society were turned over 
to the Red Cross by the founders and directors of Les Tuber- 
culeux de la Guerre. 

The funds thus received, together with the proceeds of the 
sale of some of the property, have been set aside in a special 
Red Cross fund for the care of tubercular patients and the pre- 
vention of the disease. It is estimated that the cash and prop- 
erty turned over to the Red Cross will be sufficient to care for 
all existing liabihties and maintain the work for some time to 
come. In recognition of the extraordinary services of Mrs. 
Edith Wharton in this work, a new hospital at Yerres will be 
named the "Edith Wharton Sanatorium." 



114 



DETAIL OF APPROPRIATIONS 

For Work in France 

The work described above, as well as all other activities of 
the Red Cross in France, are covered in the complete list set 
forth below of appropriations made by the War Council for work 
in that country. The total amount of such appropriations from 
the War Fund up to November 1, 1917, was $20,601,240.47. 

The detail of the appropriations follows: 



Appropriations for Military Work in France. 

Budget to cover period until Nov. 1, 1917; prepared by J. H. 
Perkins, Director of Department of Military Affairs, Red Cross 
Commission in France: 

Work in connection with the United States Army, such as 
equipment and operation of rest stations and infirm- 
aries, enhsted men's clubs, a portable hospital and base 
hospitals $345,575.00 

Divided as follows: 

Rest stations and infirmaries $134,940 

Enlisted men's clubs 4,325 

Base hospitals 73,525 

Portable hospital 7,785 

Supplementary appropriation 125,000 

American Red Cross hospital supply service 1,019,000.00 

Equipment and operation of diet kitchens in French hos- 
pitals 2,162.-50 

American Red Cross surgical dressings service 38,925.00 

(This provides for that branch of Red Cross work for- 
merly conducted by the Surgical Dressings Committee 
and now allied to the Red Cross organization.) 

Canteens at the front 50,689.00 

(This work includes co-operation with French Red 
Cross in operating canteens for French soldiers at the 
front.) 

Canteens at other important points 519,000.00 

(This provides an amount estimated as sufficient to 
equip and to operate, for three months, eleven canteens 
for the French Army at various points behind the lines . ) 

Work with permissionnaires at stations 34,600.00 

(This provides for all expenses connected with canteen 
and other relief work for French soldiers at railway sta- 
tions in and about Paris.) 

Hospitals other than above mentioned 216,250 .00 

(This provides the expenses of equipping, maintaining 
or contributing to several hospitals, such as the Amer- 

115 



ican Red Cross Hospital, now under the charge of Dr. 
Blake; Mrs. Trenor L. Parks' Hospital at Annel near 
Compiegne; Dr. Ralph R. Fitch's Hospital at Evereaux, 
and a r|.ew Red Cross Medical Hospital to be established 
for the care of nurses and ambulance workers and Red 
Cross personnel suffering from any non-surgical ill- 
nesses . This item also includes the equipment and oper- 
ation of a laundry to be operated for the benefit of hos- 
pitals in which the Red Cross is interested.) 

American Red Cross motor ambulance service $103,800.00 

(This covers equipment and operation of the American 
Red Cross sanitary sections, sometimes called the Nor- 
ton-Harjes Ambulance Service.) 

Administration expenses of the Department at head- 
quarters 37,973.50 

Prisoners, casualty and information service 43,250.00 



Total $2,411,225.00 

II 

Department of Civilian Relief in France. 

The budget prepared by Homer Folks, Director of the Red 
Cross Department of Civil Affairs in France, up to Nov. 1, 1917, 
is as follows: 

Provisional reconstruction and rehabilitation of four vil- 
lages in devastated areas $403,090.00 

Care and prevention of tuberculosis 523 152.00 

Clothing, bedding, garden implements, live stock for small 
farms, cooking utensils for practically destitute in 
devastated areas; this estimate based on unit of 10,000 
children, 5,000 women and 2,000 men 707,500.00 

Artificial limbs for mutilated soldiers, rehef of the blind, 

etc ■ 12,629.00 

Assistance of orphans, destitute and neglected children, 
promotion and carrying on of agencies for prevention of 
infant mortality .- 173,000.00 

Aid of refugees throughout France 259,500.00 

Assistance of repatriated as received through Switzerland 
or elsewhere, particularly their temporary care, classifi- 
cation, diagnosis and distribution 129,750.00 

Clothing, employment, transportation and home relief 
for reformes, medical examination, supervision and 
special relief for tuberculosis reformes 129,750.00 

Supplementary work in re-education of mutilated at 59 

centers throughout France 51,900.00 

Work of American organisations for civil relief 51,900.00 

General administration of the Department . . 18,296.00 

Total ^ $2,460,467.00 

116 



Ill 

Department of Administration in Paris. 

The budget prepared by Carl Taylor, Director of Adminis- 
tration, up to Nov. 1 , 1917, is as follows: 

Salaries in Directors' offices $1,040 

Bureau of Accounts 15,080 

Bureau of Purchases 5,190 

Bureau of Stores and Warehouses 34,690 

General expenses 54,185 

Insurance 2,475 

Secretary's office 1,975 

Unclassified personnel 1,065 

Total....... $115,700 



IV 

Planning Department. 

The budget prepared by George B. Ford, Director, up to 
Nov. 1, 1917, is as follows: 

Salaries .. . , $2,440 

Supplies. 775 

Travelling expenses 675 

Total $3,890 



V 

Additional Appropriations. 

In addition to the foregoing appropriations covering depart- 
mental work for the next few months, the following appropria- 
tions have also been made: 

Red Cross Transportation Service: 

Capital and property account $1,095,400.00 

10 two-three ton motor trucks 28,925.00 

10 5-ton dump motor trucks 47,833.25 

Automobiles for field and administration use 13,295.00 

Operating expenses, salaries, trucks, parts, etc 222,125.00 

Hospitals, etc.: 

American Ambulance Hospital expenses . . : $400,000.00 

Nitrous oxide plant. 35,000.00 

Nitrous oxide and oxygen 11,898.90 

Ether ..'. 23,000.00 

Supplies for hospital and refugee work 400,000.00 

117 



Hospital funds for 200 hospitals $200,000.00 

Purchase of 1 tent unit with 160 beds and 4 tent units 

with 250 beds each 121,100.00 

Contribution to hospitals in France of the Scottish 

Women's Hospitals for Home and Foreign Service ... 50 ,000 .00 

Laboratory suppHes 1 13,400.00 

Ten portable ice-making plants 70,200.00 

Relief of Nurses: 

Commutation to nurses abroad 15,000.00 

Gray uniforms for nurses 14,000.00 

Re-outfitting nurses 15,000.00 

Other appropriations: 

Foodstuffs 2,870,300.00 

Material for use in buildings, machinery, apparatus, etc. 99,375.00 
Department of Engineering, expenses, shops, machin- 
ery, ecc 129,317 00 

Aiding in work of Joint Committee of American and 

English Friends in France 92,209.00 

Agricultural implements for American Friends' Recon- 
struction Unit 15,000.00 

Medical, dental and laboratory supplies, carpenter 
tools, equipment for planing mill and saw mill for 
use in France of American Friends' Reconstruction 

Unit 4,012.02 

Relief of mutiles 22,836.00 

Equipping and maintaining model Health Center 1,000,000.00 

Infant welfare unit 18J350.00 

Blankets . 820,000.00 

General and contingent relief funds 510,000.00 

Relief of si ck and wounded French soldiers and families . 1 ,000 ,000 .00 
Material, sheeting, shoes, and trucks for warehouse 

servicein France 235,000.00 

Tobacco 8,700.00 

Small articles similar to those placed in comfort bags, 
to be given to French soldiers at Christmas and other 

times 73,525.00 

Medical research 100,000.00 

Salary of Chaplain, N. Y. County Base Hospital No. 1 2,400.00 

Travelling expenses, salaries, etc 10,000.00 

Norton-Harjes Ambulance in Paris 8,500.00 

Investigation and relief service 8,650.00 

Donations to French societies for military relief 6,833.50 

Divided as follows: 

Mon Soldat $5,190.00 

Societe Declopes 1,038.00 

Russian Volunteers in France 605.50 

Typewriters and paper for use in France 5,626.80 

Administrative expenses of Women's War Relief Corps . 17,300 .00 

20clamptrucks 496.00 

Clothing, hospital, medical and other supplies 1,350,351.00 

Advance purchase of general stores for period begin- 
ningNov. 1, 1917. 4,325,000.00 

Total $15,609,958.47 

Grand total for France 20,601,240.47 

118 



Before appropriations are recommended by the French Com- 
mission they are carefully prepared by the director of the par- 
ticular department concerned. They are then considered by a 
Finance Committee, consisting of: 

MAJOR MURPHY, Chairman 
J. H. PERKINS WILLIAM ENDICOTT 

H. O. BEATTY RALPH PRESTON 

CARL TAYLOR JOSEPH R. SWAN 

HOMER FOLKS JOHN CROSBY BROWN 

Three of this committee constitute a quorum, and every 
appropriation reported must receive the consent of all present. 

After appropriations are made, the monej'' is expended with 
great care. A thorough accounting system has been installed 
in France, and the whole administration there is economically 
and carefully conducted. Every detail of the work done in 
France will be accounted for to the American people. 

By reason of the magnitude of the work being done and the 
importance of quick action, most of the reports, directions and 
advices must be made by cable. To facilitate the work of the 
French commission, the French government has arranged that 
all cables from Paris shall be given free transmission. Through 
the generosity of the Western Union Telegraph Companj^, a 
very large amount of free cable service is given from this side, 
thus greatly faciUtating the close co-operation on an economical 
basis of the War Council and the Red Cross Commission in 
France. 



119 



II 

BELGIUM 

Owing to difficulties of communication and transportation 
in France, a special department, under the American Red Cross 
Commission to France, has been formed to direct all Red Cross 
activities in Belgium. 

Dr. Ernest P. Bicknell, formerly Director- General of Civihan 
Relief of the American Red Cross, is in charge. Assisting him 
is the Rev. John Van Schaick, Pastor of the Church of Our 
Father, in Washington, D. C. 

The decision of the Commission to separate Belgian relief 
work from that in France was made after several audiences of 
Major Murphy with the King and Queen of Belgium. Head- 
quarters for the new Department are at Havre, now serving 
as the seat of the Belgian Government. 

Cordial approval of the plan has been made by Brand Whit- 
lock, United States Minister to Belgium, in a letter to Major 
Murphy. 

"I congratulate you and the Red Cross upon this very wise 
decision," wrote Minister Wliitlock, *'I know that it is particu- 
larly pleasing to the Belgian Government as another proof of 
the interest that America feels toward the Belgian cause. 

"It will be a great pleasure to me to have Mr. Bicknell and 
Mr. Van Schaick, both of whom I know well, here at the seat 
of the Belgian Government, and you may be assured that I will 
do all in my power to help them in their work and to make their 
residence here as pleasant as possible." 

At Havre, Dr. Bicknell and Mr. Van Schaick will keep closely 
in touch with the many relief interests of King Albert and Queen 
Ehzabeth, as well as with private agencies. They will ad- 
minister the aid which the Red Cross will give and will prepare 
the way for future operations in devastated Belgium. 

Major Murphy has made a journey of inspection behind the 
Belgian hues and planned a general program of rehef which, 

120 • 



for the present, is to include financial assistance to Belgian 
hospitals, special care of about 6,000 Belgian children in co- 
operation with the Rockefeller Foundation, and aid to Belgian 
villagers who recover their homes as the Germans retire. 



The Work for the Children 

"The work for children," Major Murphy cables, "is not only 
one of the finest works the Red Cross could undertake, but also 
one of the most effective in aiding the future Belgium." 

Reconstruction in Belgian towns will be done in co-operation 
with the Belgian Government. When a village is recovered, 
the burgomaster and his assistants and a picked group of refugees 
are allowed to begin the work of rehabilitation. The Red Cross 
will furnish them with the tools, furniture, seeds, farm animals, 
and supplies needed to help refugees get on their feet. As fast 
as the work progresses the government will return other refugees 
to their homes. The Red Cross will thus be furnishing in each 
recovered town the shelter and equipment for a working nucleus 
about which the whole community can gradually be restored. 

Appropriations amounting to $720,001 have been made from 
the War Fund for the relief of Belgians not under the rule of 
Germany. Comprehensive plans were outlined in conferences 
between King Albert and Major Murphy. Warehouses and 
stores are to be erected immediately along canals and high- 
ways in Belgium to serve as centers of relief distribution. 

Particular attention is to be given to Belgian children and 
orphans, who have been the chief sufferers during the three years 
of the war. The Red Cross is planning to aid hostels, estab- 
lished under the direction of the Queen of Belgium, for the care 
of children under four years of age. Efforts are to be made to 
see that the schooling of these children, torn from their homes, 
does not entirely cease. Many are in continual danger so long 
as they remain near the battle zone. Six hundred children from 
especially dangerous places will therefore be brought to France 
and there maintained by the Red Cross. Refugee Belgian chil- 
dren, in other parts of France and Switzerland, are also to re- 
ceive the special care of the American Red Cross. 

Included in the appropriation, also, are funds for the opera- 
tion of a hospital for wounded Belgian soldiers, and for a part 
of the equipment of a typhoid hospital, to supplement the al- 
ready overtaxed hospital resources of the Belgian Government. 

121 



II! 

ENGLAND 

The work of the American Red Cross in England is directed 
by William Endicott, Commissioner, and Edgar H. Wells, 
Deputy Commissioner. Mr. Endicott, of Kidder, Peabody & 
Co., Boston, is an overseer of Harvard College and trustee of 
several Massachusetts hospitals and the Massachusetts School 
for The BHnd. Mr. Wells was formerly Assistant Dean of 
Harvard College. 

Owing to the particularly favorable opportunities enjoyed 
by the London Chapter for the shipment of supplies to points 
behind the British line in France and Belgium, the work of the 
Chapter is closely correlated with that of the Commission for 
France, and is guided by Major Murphy. Ambassador Page 
is President of the Chapter, and Mrs. Whitelaw Reid is Chair- 
man. 

The London Chapter maintains a distributing service for 
forwarding hospital garments, dressings and other supplies to 
France and England. In the past four months, it has. dis- 
tributed the contents of 509 cases from America and 20,000 
articles from English sources. It also operates a workshop 
which employs at present about 2,000 women in London and 
adjacent cities on the work of making dressings, bandages, 
splints, pajamas, dressing gowns and other hospital necessities. 
About one-third of the present force is American and two-thirds 
British. 

The Chapter also maintains the St. Catherine's Lodge Hos- 
pital for Officers, at which there are forty beds for orthopedic 
cases. The house and equipment were given by Mr. and Mrs. 
William A. Salomon of New York, and the hospital is at present 
conducted by two American orthopedic surgeons, with Col. 
Sir Robert Jones, the great Liverpool orthopedist, as chief con- 
sultant. 

Active committees of the Chapter deal with comforts for 

122 



soldiers, with the distribution of books for American soldiers 
and sailors in France and on the high seas, and with entertain- 
ment for officers and nurses in London. A well-equipped and 
well-furnished house near the American Embassy is maintained 
as a clubhouse for the use of American nurses who are visiting in 
London. 

Hospitals in England 

The Red Cross Commission is beginning hospital work of 
the greatest importance. At a port in England, a hospital is 
being established for sick American soldiers and sailors. The 
Red Cross will furnish the equipment and maintain this hos- 
pital, although the staff will be detailed from the Medical Corps 
of the United States Army. An excellent location on the out- 
skirts of the city has been furnished to the American Red Cross 
at a nominal rental for this purpose. It is expected that the 
hospital will be in active service within a few weeks. 

The American Red Cross will also take over a hospital in 
South Devon, established in 1914 and supported since that 
time by the American Women's War Fund. Although meant 
primarily for English soldiers, this hospital will be available 
for American soldiers in emergency. The hospital for officers 
at Lancaster Gate, London, generally regarded as one of the 
best in the city, which has also been maintained hitherto by 
the American Women's War Fund, will henceforth be supported 
by the Red Cross. These two institutions have done notable 
work during the war. 

Co-operation with the British Red Cross 

Most agreeable relations exist between the American Red 
Cross and the British Red Cross Society and with the Y. M. C. A. , 
both British and American. On the occasion of the recent cam- 
paign conducted by the British Red Cross, culminating in *'Our 
Day," the American Red Cross made an appropriation of 
£200,000 to be expended under the supervision of the British 
organization, which was warmly received by the Government 
and by the British public generally. The appropriation was 
divided as follows: 

£50,000 (about $250,000) for relief and comforts to sick and wounded 
in hospitals, casualty clearing stations and on lines of communications 
in territories where British Forces are fighting. 

123 



£50,000 (about $250,000) for the maintenance of British Red Cross 
auxihary hospitals and convalescent homes in England. 

£100,000 (about $500,000) for institutions in Great Britain for 
orthopedic and facial treatment and for general restorative work for 
disabled British Soldiers. 

In announcing the gift to the British Red Cross, Major 
Murphy wrote as follows: 

May I express the peculiar satisfaction that we feel in making this 
subscription? From the standpoint of our best judgment we rejoice 
in an opportunity to assist in the superb work that you are doing to 
relieve suffering and distress. But in a larger way we hope you will 
accept our contribution as an earnest of the desire of our people to 
begin to take our share of the burden of the war which your forces 
have waged for three years in behalf of the whole civilized world. 

The King expressed his appreciation of the contribution at 
an audience with Major Murphy and other Red Cross repre- 
sentatives, and the Prime Minister, in a cordial interview with 
Commissioners Endicott and Wells and Major Murphy, handed 
them the following signed expression of British gratitude. 

I should like personally to express our profound appreciation of the 
action of the American Red Cross in contributing $1,000,000 to the 
funds of the British Red Cross. It is a gift characteristic of the gener- 
ous and friendly heart of the American people. It will bring relief 
to thousands of suffering men and women, and will be a further means 
of strengthening the real understanding between the United States 
and Great Britain, which the former's whole-hearted entry in the war 
for liberty has created. I know that I am expressing the thought 
dominant in the minds of my fellow countrymen when I say that they 
will always remember this gift with gratitude. 

(Signed) D. Lloyd George. 



124 



ITALY 

Late in July, the War Council dispatched a special Red 
Cross Commission to Italy. The purpose of the commission 
was to advise how American Red Cross activity could best be 
exerted to meet needs of the suffering soldiers and the civilian 
population of that country. 

This was the fourth Red Cross commission to go to Europe. 
It was headed by George F. Baker, Jr., Vice-President of the 
First National Bank of New York City. With Mr. Baker 
went: 

JOHN R. MORRON, 

President Atlas Portland Cement Company. 
DR. THOMAS W. HUNTINGTON, 

President of the American Surgical Association. 
DR. VICTOR G. HEISER, 

Of the United States Public Health Service. 
NICHOLAS F. BRADY, 

Central Trust Company, New York, 

Accompanying the commission, also, was Chandler R. Post, 
Professor of Greek and Fine Arts at Harvard University and 
one of the leading authorities in this country on Italy. 

Through the American Academy in Rome, it was arranged 
that the commission to Italy should have detailed to assist it, 
Gorham Phillips Stevens, Director of the School of Fine Arts, 
and Charles Upson Clark, of Yale University, Director of the 
School of Classical Studies, both of whom are now resident in 
Rome. 

To enable this commission to meet the more urgent needs 
which might be found to exist, an emergency appropriation of 
$200,000 from the War Fund was made by the Red Cross War 
Council. The Commission arrived in Rome on August 31. It 
visited Rome, Naples, Genoa, Milan, Florence, Venice, Bologna, 
Palermo, Brindisi, Bari, Faranto, Messina, Lecce, etc. Two 
weeks were spent at the front. The military reverses in 
November cost the Italians many hospitals and much material. 

An additional appropriation of $4,000 for medical supplies 

125 



has been made by the War Council on request of the Commis- 
sion to Italy. Other work in Italy will depend upon the report 
of this Commission as to how such efforts can best be made. 
The Commission has completed its investigations, and re- 
turned to the United States late in October. Members of the 
Commission were deeply impressed with the spirit of friendship 
for America, and spoke strongly of the need for regular and 
generous assistance from America. 



Special Aid to Italy 

The Red Cross responded promptly to the emergency created 
by the Italian retreat. The War Council, in the following tele- 
gram to Ambassador Page, promised that every effort which 
the Red Cross could make ivould be applied immediately to the 
relief of Italy: 

Please advise the Government and people of Italy that the American 
Red Cross is organizing an operating commission to proceed to Italy 
to establish permanent headquarters there and to take at once in co- 
operation with the ItaUan Government every practicable step to alle- 
viate suffering and especially extend to the soldiers and civilian popu- 
lation of Italy such assurance and comfort as may be possible. 

To that end and acting upon the recommendation of our recently 
returned Commission to Italy an appropriation has been made to 
develop an ambulance service and to operate such civilian rehef as it 
may be feasible to extend in the immediate future. Please advise the 
Government and people of Italy that it is the desire of the American 
Red Cross that nothing which can be done shall be left undone to assure 
the people of Italy in their present sacrifice and heroism of the cordial 
and continued support in every possible way of the American people. 

As a first step in meeting Italy's needs, the War Council then 
authorized the United States Ambassador to Italy to draw on 
the Red Cross War Fund for any amount up to $250,000 for 
emergency relief work. This was later raised to $750,000. Major 
Murphy, immediately after the Italian reverses, dispatched 
workers to Italy, and the press reports indicate that American 
Red Cross aid during the retreat was greatly appreciated by the 
Italians. 

Major Murphy went to Italy himself early in November to 
organize the relief work. Among the supplies shipped from 
Paris for quick relief were 2,000 mattresses, 8,000 blankets, 
10,000 pairs of socks, and a generous amount of other bedding, 
clothing and medical supplies. 

An operating commisssion will administer the work of the 
Red Cross there. 

126 



RUSSIA 

As an initial step in carrying out its declared purpose "to 
do something immediately to hearten afflicted Russia," the 
War Council dispatched to Russia the American Red Cross 
Commission. The Commission carried with it three carloads of 
medical supplies and surgical instruments with which to meet 
most urgent needs. These are being distributed to hospitals, 
institutions and Red Cross organizations in Russia. 

The Commission was composed of twelve eminent experts 
in problems of medicine, public health, business and social 
service. The primary purpose of the Commission was not alone 
to render such immediate aid as it might, but to ascertain along 
the broadest possible lines in what manner the American Red 
Cross could extend most effective relief to the wounded soldiers 
and the needy and suffering civilian population of Russia. 

The Commission was headed by Dr. Frank Billings, of Chi- 
cago, and Mr. William B. Thompson, of New York. 

As advisers in solving the problems of sanitation, public 
health and social service, the Commission had the expert assist- 
ance of: 

RAYMOND ROBINS, of Chicago. 

DR. J. D. McCarthy, 

Expert in Tuberculosis, Uiiiversity of Pennsylvama, 
PROFESSOR E. A. WINSLOW, of Yale University. 
DR. GEORGE C. WHIPPLE, 

Professor of Sanitary Engineering of Harvard University. 

To deal with general medical problems, the Commission had 
the services of its chairman and 

PROFESSOR WILLIAM S. THAYER, 

Of Johns Hopkins University. 
DR. WILBUR E. POST, of Chicago. 

In its studies how best to assist Russia in providing adequate 
food supplies for its civilian population, as well as for convalescent 
soldiers and prisoners, the Commission has had the assistance of 

HAROLD H. SWIFT, of Chicago. 

Of the packing firm of Swift and Company, 
PROFESSOR HENRY C. SHERMAN, 

Of Columbia University. 

127 



In co-operation with the American Railroad Commission 
ah'eady in Russia, the Red Cross Commission studied the prob- 
lems of transportation, especially with reference to making 
sure that shipments of relief supplies may reach destination 
without delay. For this special work the Commission had as 
one of its members; 

HENRY J. HORN, 

Formerly Vice-President of the New Haven Railroad. 

In addition to the foregoing, the members of the Commission 
were: 

J. W. ANDREWS. ALLEN WARDWELL. 

H. S. BROWN. DR. ORRIN S. WIGHTMAN. 

THOMAS THACHER. 

Accompanying the Commission as inspectors and attaches, 
were the following: 

R. I. BARR. MALCOLM PIRNIE. 

NORTON C. TRAVIS. MALCOLM GROW. 

WILLIAM COCHRAN. HARRY B. REDFIELD. . 

WILLIAM C. NICHOLSON. D. HAYWARD HARDY. 

CORNELIUS KELLEHER. H. H. WYCKOFF. 

Such travelling expenses and salaries as were necessary to 
pay were very generously borne by Mr. William B. Thompson, 
himself a member of the Commission. A large number of the 
members of this, as well as other commissions, paid their own 
expenses, in addition to giving their time free. 

The Work of the Commission 

All along its route, which lay through Japan and Siberia, 
the Red Cross Commission was warmly welcomed. At Petro- 
grad the Commission established intimate relations with Premier 
Kerensky. It has worked harmoniously with the Administra- 
tion and with the public relief organizations of Russia, including 
the Russian Red Cross and the All-Union of Zemstvos and 
Towns, which it induced to co-operate not only with the Amer- 
ican Red Cross but with each other. The Commission has al- 
ready extended substantial aid to the Russian Red Cross and 
has made a painstaking study of the entire field of relief work in 
Russia. 

Dr. Billings and ten other members of the party have now 
returned to the United States, leaving a permanent organization 
with headquarters at Petrograd under the command of Lieut .- 
Colonel Wilham B. Thompson. The chief warehouse and dis- 
tributing center for American Red Cross supplies has been lo- 

128 



cated at Moscow, from which railroads radiate to the battle 
front. 

The Red Cross Commission found the work of all the public 
relief organizations of Russia excellent and reports that ''the 
initiative and inventive genius shown in devising appliances 
for surgical and orthopedic treatment equals or surpasses that 
of any hospital in America known to any member of the Com- 
mission." The excellent work of the Russian Army medical 
service is hampered, however, by the collapse of discipline at 
the front and the lack of certain drugs and surgical supplies. 

The work of the American Red Cross in R,ussia centers chiefly 
on the medical and surgical needs of the army. It had already 
forwarded to the Russian Red Cross, before the Commission 
started for Russia, drugs valued at $6,500. The Commission 
carried with it supplies to the value of $116,280.87, including 
among other articles 61 microscopes and 45,000 slides; 4,600 
clinical thermometers; 288 operating knives; 23,000 lengths of 
catgut; 1,700 ice caps; 175,000 morphine sulphate tablets; and 
200,000 antiseptic tablets. In response to the reports from the 
Commission after its arrival the War Council has appropriated 
$238,120 for additional shipments of drugs and surgical supplies 
to Russia. 

The most serious supply problem which will this winter con- 
front Russia, and especially Petrograd, is the lack of food, cloth- 
ing and footwear. A large number of Russians have already 
starved as a result of the war. 

There is enough food in Russia. The food question, in the 
opinion of the Commission, is primarily a matter of transporta- 
tion and economic adjustment. The principal opportunity of 
the American Red Cross to relieve the scarcity of food lies along 
the lines of supplying condensed milk and other concentrated 
foodstuffs to the people and especially the children of the larger 
cities. 

The Red Cross has therefore authorized the purchase of con- 
densed milk for shipments to Russia in such quantities as trans- 
portation can be secured for. "This will mitigate the sufferings 
of mothers, invalids and children," the Commission reports, "but 
no external help may hope to furnish the vast food supply neces- 
sary for the large civilian population in Petrograd and Moscow 
and the famine-stricken provinces." 

The American colony in Petrograd generously maintains an 
American hospital which the American Red Cross is aiding by 
a small monthly gift. Dental outfits have also been provided 

129 



by the JRed Cross for Y. M. C. A. canteens along the Russian 
war front. 



Ambulances for Russia 

As a part of its program for rendering effective assistance to 
Russia, the American Red Cross has shipped 125 motor ambu- 
lances and automobiles to the Red Cross Commission in Russia. 

Ambulances are acutely needed with the Russian armies. 
On the Eastern front there are now only 6,000 vehicles for the 
transportation of the wounded, while on the French front, only 
a third as long, there are more than ten times as many. The 
automobiles which have been shipped by the Red Cross will equip 
one Russian army corps with five complete ambulance sections. 

In view of the conditions now obtaining at the Russian front 
the Commission recommends that these cars be equipped with 
sanitary appliances so that they may be converted from ambu- 
lances to sanitary service cars as needed. 

For the present, personnel for ambulance sections will not 
be sent to Russia, but the machines will be operated by Russian 
drivers under the direction of the Red Cross. 

Twelve automobile ambulances and one motor truck for 
use in Russia have been given to the American Red Cross by the 
American Jewish Friends of Free Russia. Felix Gouled, Chair- 
man, and S. C. Lamport, Treasurer, representing the organiza- 
tion, personally appeared before the Red Cross War Council 
in Washington to convey this generous gift for relief work on the 
Eastern front. 

Under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel William B. Thomp- 
son, the Red Cross in Russia is energetically continuing its work 
of relief. 



130 



VI 
ROUMANIA 



On July 22nd, the Red Cross War Council announced the 
dispatch of a Red Cross Commission to Roumania. It was 
headed by Henry Watkins Anderson, of Richmond, Virginia. 
This Commission planned to undertake at once, in addition 
to its investigation of sanitary and health conditions, actual 
relief work among the Roumanian refugees. To do this work, 
a Red Cross medical unit of twelve doctors and twelve nurses 
accompanied the Commission. 

Quantities of medical supplies, serums, vaccines, and food- 
stuffs, urgently needed in Roumania, were sent with the Com- 
mission by the War Council. A special emergency appropria- 
tion of $200,000 from the War Fund was voted for Roumanian 
relief. 

In addition to Mr. Anderson, the Chairman, the members 
of the Commission to Roumania are: 



ARTHUR GRAHAM GLASGOW, an engineer of Washington, D. C. 

Mr. Glasgow is one of the leaders of his profession, and lias lived for more 
than twelve years in London, where he maintained extensive oflBces. 

DR. FRANCIS W. PEABODY, of Boston, 

Who represented the Rockefeller Foundation in its medical investigation in 
China. 

BERNARD FLEXNER, of Chicago, 

A lawyer who has taken a prominent part in many sociological movements in 

the Middle West. 

DR. H. GIDEON WELLS, of Chicago, 

Professor of Pathology in the University of Chicago. 

DR. ROGER GRISWOLD PERKINS, of Cleveland, 
Professor of Hygiene, Western Reserve University. 

DR. ROBERT C. BRYAN, of Richmond, Virginia, 
Who is one of the leading surgeons of the South. 

C. T. WILLIAMS, of Baltimore, 

Secretary and Treasurer of the Commission. 

As attaches and aides, COUNT VLADIMIR LEDOCHOWSKI, FRANK CONNES, 
and C. T. EARNEST accompanied the Commission. 

131 



Doctors and nurses of the medical unit accompanying the 
Commission were: 



DR. W. D. KIRKPATRICK, 

Bellingham, Wasliington. 
DR. RICHARD PENN SMITH, 
Fort Loudon, Pa. 

DR. D. J. McCarthy, 

Davenport, Iowa. 
DR. GEORGE Y. MASSENBERG, 

Macon, Ga. 
DR. R. H. RULISON,. 

Syracuse, N. Y. 
DR. C. B. HAMILTON, 

Syracuse, N. Y. 
DR. BENJAMIN EARL LE MASTER, 

Macomb, 111. 
DR. E. F. HIRD, 

Bound Brook, N. J. 
DR. W. T. LOWE, 

Pine Bluff, Ari;. 
DR. JOSEPH P. GRUENER, 

Chicago, 111. 
DR. GEORGE DURO GUCA, 

Chicago, 111. 
DR. WM. J. X<:UCERA, 

New Prague, Minn. 
DR. MORRIS DAVIDSON, 

New Yorl^City. 



DR. GERHARD B. SCHRIBMAN, 

New York City. 
FLORENCE PATTERSON, Head Nurse, 

Washington, D. C. 
RACHEL C. TORRANCE, 

New York City, N. Y. 

KATHERINE OLMSTEAD, 

Milwaukee, Wis. 
ALMA FORESTER, 

Chicago, 111. 

ALICE GILBOURNE, 
Chicago, 111. 

B. M. GOSLING, 
New York City. 

M. A. BROWNELL. 
New York City. 

J. B. DONALD, 
Bellingham, Vfash. 

MARY McINTYRE, 
Chicago, 111. 

A. H. ROWLAND, 
Washington, D. C. 

LINDA K. MEIRS. 
New York City. 



Wounds Dressed with Sawdust 

The appalling conditions prevailing in Roumania are sketched 
in the cable received from Henry W. Anderson, chief of the 
American Red Cross Commission to Roumania, on his arrival 
in Petrograd on his way to Roumania. The cable reads- 



After conference with the American Ambassador, Dr. BiUings 
(American Red Cross Commissioner to Russia), the Roumanian min- 
ister, and persons just returned from Roumanian front, I find that 
conditions there urgently require immediate shipment of suppHes — 
medicines, surgical instruments, hospital supplies, bandages, bed linen, 
clothes for patients, collodion, wax paper, iodine. 

Wounds are now being dressed with sawdust. 

Nails are needed for building protection sheds. Food is available, 
except delicacies for hospitals. 

We are advised that urgent need exists for ambulance transports, 
with drivers and m(chanics. Roumanian railways are badly crippled 
and it is impossible to make repairs. 

Deem it very important here to render relief liberally. Would 
arrange immediate shipment suppHes, especially those named, to cope 
with present heavy needs of wounded and avoid threatened tj^phus 
epidemic this winter. 



132 



Supplies of All Kinds Needed 

Further messages from the Commission, which has begun 
its work with headquarters at Jassy, the war capital of Rou- 
mania, confirm the fact that Roumania's need of supphes of 
many kinds is desperate . Mr . Anderson cables : 

Military hospitals urgently need mattresses, pillows, bed linen, bed 
shirts, surgical and medical supplies, all kinds, large quantities, none 
obtainable here; have cabled detailed list indispensable needs. 

Civil population worse condition, three million in territory inhabited 
by one million, no clothing, no shoes or material for same, obtainable 
any price. Eighteen thousand orphans registered, probably many 
more, all without clothes or shoes any kind for winter. 

The War Council has therefore made appropriations of 
$1,271,142.76 from the War Fund for the purchase of medical 
supplies, clothing, equipment and foodstuffs for shipment to 
Roumania. An appropriation of $400,000 has also been made 
for the purchase of selected goods from a cargo containing 
clothing, shoes, coffee, etc., which was available at Archangel. 
This purchase makes it possible to send supplies to Roumania 
very much more quickly than would otherwise be possible. 



133 



VII 



SERBIA 

Late in August, the War Council of the American Red Cross 
was able to announce the sending of a commission to Serbia to 
begin immediate relief work in that stricken country and to 
help its scattered population in the struggle against privation 
and disease. 

The Red Cross had done much relief work in Serbia before 
the appointment of the War Council. Early last spring, in 
response to a request from the Serbian Government, Dr. Edward 
W. Ryan, formerly head of the American hospital in Belgrade, 
went to Saloniki to organize the sanitary and relief work of 
Serbia. His work was to organize a war relief clearing house 
at Saloniki and to co-ordinate and develop relief work in and 
about Salonild now carried on through American effort. The 
work has necessarily been limited to the territor}?- behind the 
Allied hues north of Saloniki. 

In the districts under Dr. Ryan's supervision, though small 
as compared with the whole of Serbia, the demands upon Amer- 
ican relief resources have been large. Around Saloniki there 
have been thousands of refugees, reduced by the privations of 
more than two years of war to conditions even worse than those 
in Belgium and Roumania. Many of them have been depen- 
dent upon relief given by America. Next to Belgium and 
France, the chief center of American relief work abroad has been 
Serbia. The American Red Cross maintained a base hospital 
in Belgrade before the Teuton-Bulgar invasion, and with the 
aid of the Rockefeller Foundation undertook the battle against 
typhus. 

Cordenio Arnold Severance, of St. Paul, Minnesota, headed 
the special Red Cross Commission to Serbia. 

134 



Deputy Commissioners were: 



DR. SEVERANCE BURRAGE. 

Sanitarian, formerly of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

DR. FREDERICK T. LORD. 
Physician, of Boston. 

DR. EUGENE A. CROCKETT. 
Surgeon, of Boston. 

FATHER FRANCIS JAGER. 

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 

JOHN W. FROTHINGHAM. New York City. 

W. A. W. STEWART, New York City. 

L. D. WISHARD, Pasadena, California. 

EDWIN D. HASKELL. 

Minneapolis, Minn., Secretary. 



The sum of $200,000 was appropriated by the War Council 
to buy medical and other supplies for use in the discretion of the 
Commission. 



The Story of War-torn Serbia 

This, the fifth of the Red Cross commissions, went to study 
a problem acknowledged as one of the most formidable in Europe. 
There is hardly a family in Serbia that has not been uprooted 
and torn from its home, and few that have not lost some member 
on the battlefield. What have been the nation's losses during 
the past few years of bloodshed cannot be estimated. From 
an army of nearly half a million at the beginning of the war, 
over a hundred and fifty thousand men are estimated to have 
been taken prisoners by the Central Powers and are suffering 
from malnutrition in prison camps. Many thousands were lost 
in the retreat through Albania. 

The civilian population has suffered as greatly as the army. 
It has been harried over the face of Europe. One hundred and 
fifty thousand fatherless Serbian families, it is estimated, are 
facing destitution in various countries. Refugees in Russia, 
Roumania, Greece, Italy, France and Switzerland number over 
thirty thousand. 

The pressing needs of Serbia have been laid before the War 
Council by Dr. Edward Ryan, Red Cross representative at 
Saloniki, and by Miss Emily Simmonds, graduate of Roosevelt 
Hospital, New York, who enUsted in the Serbian Red Cross in 
1914 and has since then assisted in the relief of thousands of 
refugees. 

135 



Miss Simmonds urged the dispatch of food, clothing, band- 
ages, blankets, seeds, agricultural tools, as well as doctors and 
nurses. In her informal report to the Red Cross, she said: 

"There were only 400 doctors in all Serbia at the beginning 
of the war, and the death rate has been high. Sixty died of 
typhus alone in January and February of 1915. There are 116 
doctors now in the army, but only one dentist. Vv^omen doc- 
tors are especially needed for maternity work in the villages. 
One doctor in a small car could furnish medical supervision for 
several villages. A system of soup kitchens in the villages is 
an absolute necessity if famine is not to make good its threats 
this winter." 



Disaster Relief in Saloniki 

A recent newspaper dispatch from Saloniki reports: 

The American Red Cross has established a record for efficiency 
according to Gen. Sarrail, commander-in-chief of the Alhed forces 
on the Macedonian front, and British officials have taken over the 
rehef work, which the Americans began, for the people made destitute 
in the recent fire. 

Within twelve hours after the fire started Dr. Edward W. Ryan, 
of the American Red Cross, had 41 soup kitchens in full operation and 
thereafter fed 2,000 persons daily. This was the first relief work 
started, and was hours before other relief measures were under way, 

A cargo of foodstuffs, clothing, medical supplies, etc., 
originally consigned to Beirut by the American Committee for 
Armenian and Syrian Relief, which could not be delivered, was 
purchased by the American Red Cross in the harbor of Alexan- 
dria. These supplies have now been forwarded to Dr. Ryan 
at Saloniki to be used in relief which was made urgently neces- 
sary by the fire. Warehouse facihties at Saloniki were provided 
through the courtesy of the Standard Oil Company of New 
York. 



Supplies for Serbia 

The Red Cross has shipped 5,000 bags of flour for Serbians 
in Austrian prison camps. This is the first shipment of a series 
of purchases of food and other supplies which the Red Cross, in 
co-operation with the Serbian Government, is making. The 
Serbian Minister has deposited $1,000,000 to the credit of the 
Red Cross for the purchase of these supplies.- 

136 



The Allies must provide living necessities for their soldiers 
who are captured, because the Central Powers do not provide 
prisoners of war with sufficient food to keep them in good health. 
The shipments go to the Serbian Consul at Marseilles, and thence 
through the Serbian section of the Bureau de Secours at Berne, 
Switzerland , to prison camps in Austria . 

For use among Serbian refugees and in the Serbian Army, 
the Red Cross is sending to Saloniki 10,000 pairs of men's, 
women's and children's shoes, 10,000 blankets, 10,000 pairs of 
stockings with woollen yarn for 10,000 more pairs, 5,000 suits 
of underwear, and 50 Army dental field kits. 

Commissioner Severance reports a special need for dental 
service, and a further appropriation has therefore been made 
to cover the purchase of ten complete sets of dental equipment, 
including chairs, which are to be mounted on automobiles for 
service along the Army front and also among the civilians back 
of the fines. Dentists are being sent from the United States 
to handle this work. 

A small hospital for the civilian population of Vodena, Greece, 
where the Red Cross is feeding 2,500 refugees, is to be established 
shortly. A building has been secured without cost for this work, 
which will be almost entirely for the benefit of women and chil- 
dren. 



137 



VIII 
RELIEF IN ARMENIA 

In addition to the foregoing activities, the War Council has 
appropriated $1,800,000, to be expended for relief work in the 
Near East, through the American Committee for Armenian 
and Syrian Relief. This appropriation is intended to cover 
the period ending January 1, 1918. 

The American Committee is the only organization outside 
of the Red Crescent (controlled by the Turkish Government), 
which is allowed to administer relief in certain portions of the 
Turkish Empire. The American Committee's field of operations 
includes not only Asia Minor and those portions of Armenia 
and Syria that are in the Ottoman Empire, but it also includes 
a large section of Armenia now dominated by the Russian army, 
as well as the Russian Caucasus, Persia, Mesopotamia and por- 
tions of Egypt, into which refugees, Armenian, Syrian and Greek, 
have fled in large numbers. 

The making of appropriations for relief in the Near East is 
in accord with the policy of the Red Cross to co-operate with 
relief agencies in the theatre of war to the end that there shall 
be the utmost aid accorded, while overlapping of effort is as far 
as possible avoided. The appropriation is made upon applica- 
tion of James L. Barton, Chairman, and C. V. Vickrey, Secre- 
tary, respectively, of the American Committee for Armenian 
and Syrian Relief, and after investigation and approval by the 
Red Cross Committee on Co-operation. 



138 



IX 



CARE FOR AMERICAN PRISONERS IN 
GERMANY 

The American Red Cross has perfected plans to care for 
Americans who may be captured and held in German prison 
camps. A Prisoners' Relief Committee has been organized at 
Berne, Switzerland, under the supervision of EUis L. Dresel, of 
the American Legation. Mr. Dresel served from the outbreak 
of the war in 1914 up to the breaking of diplomatic relations 
as an attache of the American Embassy at Berlin, where his 
duties included relief work for men of the entente nationalities 
in German prison camps. 

While only about 100 American prisoners are held in Germany 
today, comprehensive plans have been worked out for the care 
of all Americans who may be taken prisoners. Most of the 
prisoners now in Germany are civilians taken off American mer- 
chantmen sunk by Teuton submarines. More recent arrivals 
in the prison camps are members of the American Expeditionary 
Force or had served as gun crews, since the arming of our mer- 
chant ships. 

Speedy provision for their relief and for those who may be 
taken prisoner is necessitated by the German policy of giving 
prisoners war food totally inadequate to keep men in good health. 
The extremely high death rate among Russian, Serbian and 
Roumanian prisoners in Germany and Austria (30 per cent, in 
the case of the Roumanians) has been largely due to the in- 
abiUty of Russia and the Balkan States to organize the ration- 
ing of prisoners of their nationalities from their home countries. 

A recent cable dispatch from Paris tells of a French soldier 
just back from a German prison camp and in the last stage of 
tuberculosis. This soldier was one of a battalion of a thousand 
young and healthy men captured in a body, early in the war. 
More than fifty per cent, of the number are now dead, or have 
been returned to France, via Switzerland, as incurables. 

139 



Malnutrition, no less than unsanitary conditions, produces 
these results. British, Canadian and Australian prisoners of 
war in Germany now depend exclusively upon food shipped to 
them from London, and generally give the prison camp ration 
to prisoners of other countries, who are, as a rule, less well pro- 
vided for. Bread is already being dispatched from Berne to the 
Americans in Germany, and arrangements have also been made 
for transmitting letters and money from their families and friends 
'in this country. A complete scheme for sustaining prisoners is 
now being worked out jointly by the War and Navy Department 
and the Red Cross. 

Thus far only bread Has been supplied by the Berne Commit- 
tee of the American Red Cross. Assorted food parcels and 
clothing will also be forwarded soon. In the meantime the 
Central Prisoners of War Committee of London is acting on 
behalf of American prisoners in Germany, sending them such 
foods as the Committee regularly dispatches to British and 
colonial prisoners. 

By arrangement with Germany, these food parcels are sent 
to the prisoner three times a fortnight. Each of them contains 
ten pounds of meat, butter, sugar, jam, coffee or tea, salt, rice, 
and dried fruit. The American Red Cross is forwarding to 
Berne stocks of the same foodstuffs, as well as cheese, evaporated 
milk, codfish, and mixed biscuit. Twenty-five tons of food- 
stuffs have been sent to Berne for the American Red Cross, and 
a recent appropriation covers the cost of 75 tons more. It is 
expected that sufficient food to sustain a considerable number 
of men for several months will have been accumulated in Berne 
before Americaiju troops begin active service on the fighting 
front. 

Already the Navy Department has shipped 100 outfits of 
clothing for the interned seamen in Germany; and the Quarter- 
master General's Department, 85 cases of clothing for soldiers 
and interned civilians. Foodstuffs, so far provided, have been 
purchased by the American Red Cross. Arrangements have been 
completed whereby the War and Navy Departments will deliver 
to the American Red Cross in Paris proper rations and clothing. 
These will be forwarded to the several prison camps by the Amer- 
ican Red Cross Committee at Berne, of which Ellis L. Dresel, 
of the American Legation, is head. 

Ninety-five per cent, of the British packages sent into Ger- 
many, with postal card receipts to be mailed back by the prisoner, 

140 



have been duly receipted for. The American Red Cross, also, 
will enclose postal cards, as a means of making sure that Amer- 
ican prisoners do actually receive the food parcels. 



141 



APPROPRIATIONS 

For Europe Outside of France 

A complete recapitulation follows of the appropriations made 
from the War Fund by the American Red Cross for work in 
Europe outside of France: 



Russia: 

Drugs $ 6,500.00 

Medical Supplies 316,280.87 

Ambulance Unit No. 1 31,400.00 

Powdered opium for hospital use 38,120.00 

Condensed milk 351,000.00 

Foodstuffs 8,640.00 

Shoes 607,500.00 

Total $1,359,440.87 



Roumania: 

Relief fund and medical supplies $200,000.00 

Expenses of Commission to Roumania. . 47,000.00 
Clothing, medical and hospital supplies, 
foodstuffs, equipment, wax paper, 
nails, etc 1,271,398.76 

Total $1,518,398.76 



Italy: 

Relief fund and medical supplies $200 ,000 .00 

Additional medical supplies 4,000.00 

Expenses of Commission to Italy 10,000.00 

Total *$214,000.00 

* Since this summary was prepared the War Council has appropriated $750,000 for emergency 
relief in Italy. 

142 



Serbia: 

Emergency relief fund $200,000.00 

Condensed milk for Serbian Military 

Hospital 6,000.00 

Cargo of foodstuffs, clothing, medical 

supplies, etc., purchased 138,673.76 

Shoes, blankets, stockings, yarn, under- 
wear, and dental kits 113,670.00 

Hospital at Vodena, Greece 5,000.00 

Dental equipment 12,960.00 

Underwear and socks for Serbian recruits 

in Canada 400.00 

Expenses of Commission to Serbia 16,500.00 

Total $493,203.76 



Belgium: 

Storehouses for supplies, barges, auto- 
mobiles, etc. for distribution of sup- 
plies $86,500.00 

Food, clothing, and supplies for relief .... 173,000.00 

Addition to a school for Belgian children . . 17, 300 .00 

Relief of 600 children in Belgium 103,800.00 

Relief of Belgian children in France and 

Switzerland 216,250.00 

Aid in construction of hospital for Belgian 

soldiers 86,500.00 

Aid in establishing new hospital for ty- 
phoid patients 2,007.00 

Barracks for a Belgian soldiers' canteen . . 3,460 .00 

Adding to facilities of a refuge for Belgian 

boys 3,504.00 

Emergency fund 17,300.00 

Operating expenses , salaries and wages ... 10 ,380 .00 

Total $720,001.00 



England: 

Surgical supplies sent to London Chapter 

American Red Cross $3,800.00 

Budget of London Chapter 69,020.00 

Blankets, books and absorbent cotton for 

relief work of London Chapter 35,700.00 

Expenses Commission to Great Britain . . . 5,000 .00 
Contribution to British Red Cross, for 
relief and comforts to sick and wounded 
in hospitals, maintenance of British 
Red Cross auxiliary hospitals and con- 
valescent homes, orthopedic and facial 
treatment and restorative work for dis- 
abled British soldiers 953,000.00 



Total $1,066,520.00 

143 



Other Appropriations: 

Armenian-Syrian relief $1 ,800,000.00 

Relief of Anaericans in Germany. , : 20,000.00 

International Red Cross, Geneva. 29,800.00 

Equipment for foreign commissions . ... 25,000.00 
Freight, etc., on apparatus purchased 

from restricted funds - . 1,000.00 

Foodstuffs for American prisoners in Ger- 
many 37,212.00 



Total $1,913,012.00 

In addition to these appropriations from the War Fund the 
sum of $1,417,625.74, received by the Red Cross for designated 
purposes, has been apphed in accordance with the wishes of the 
donors. 



It will thus appear that the War Council has made 
appropriations from the War Fund as follows : 

In the United States $ 3,310,216.60 

In France 20,601,240.47 

In other countries 7,284,576.39 

Designated Funds 1,417,625.74 



$32,613,659.20 
Advances for purchase of materials 
for chapters (to be repaid) 7,659,000.00 

Grand Total $40,272,659.20 

The greater part of these appropriations have been made for 
expenditure prior to January 1, 1918. 



Respectfully submitted, 

RED CROSS WAR COUNCIL, 
Henry P. Davison, 

Chairman. 

Charles D. Norton, 
John D. Ryan, 
Grayson M.-P. Mxtrphy, 
Cornelius N. Bliss, Jr. 

Ex-offido: 

William H. Taft, 
Eliot Wadsworth. 
November 1 , 1917. 



144 



To the Public 

Attacks upon the methods and motives of the American Red 
Cross have become so persistent and widespread that it is im- 
portant that the people of the United States appreciate the 
gravity of the situation and the actual facts. As long ago as 
October 15, Harvey D. Gibson, General Manager of the Red 
Cross, had the following telegram sent to all Red Cross Division 
Managers: 

It is evident that rximors and innuendoes, critical of and calculated 
to embarrass the Red Cross, are being industriously circulated as part 
of an anti-patriotic propaganda. In so far as such statements or ques- 
tions are merely efforts to obtain information they should be earnestly 
and sincerely met, but many of the stories, utterly unwarranted in 
fact, emanate simultaneously from too many different parts of the 
country to be merely accidental. 

The misrepresentations have taken many forms. Mr. Gibson 
found that one story, in particular, had gained a very wide cur- 
rency and issued the following statement to the public: 

A story is being circulated to the effect that sweaters, socks, and 
other articles knitted for the Red Cross are being sold, either to the 
public in shops or direct to the soldiers. This is emphatically not true. 
No articles whatever, either knitted or otherwise made by Red Cross 
workers and turned into any Red Cross Chapter, Branch or Auxiliary, 
or to any supply warehouse, are sold either to the soldiers or in shops. 

If any wilful case of this sort should come to the attention of head- 
quarters, the Charter of the Red Cross Chapter or subsidiary sanc- 
tioning it would be immediately withdrawn with full publicity. Should 
it transpire that an actual instance of the above character occurred 
wherein an individual sold articles after their having been turned in 
to the Red Cross, such action would be clearly in violation of the funda- 
mental law covering the Red Cross, and we would take vigorous steps 
to prosecute the offender. 

It is also true that any case of persons, other than those acquiring 

the right prior to January, 1905, using the name or emblem of the Red 

Cross to assist in the sale of merchandise, is a violation of the provisions 

4 of the federal criminal law, and the offender should be reported to the 

United States district attorney for prosecution. 

There is no way to prevent people from making the same type of 
articles as are produced by Red Cross workers and selling them for 
their own advantage, thus subjectiag the Red Cross to unjust criticism. 
Should they use the name or emblem of the Red Cross in connection 
with such sales, however, they will be vigorously prosecuted. 



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